Table 2.

Associations between the DNAm ages and ECG-based cardiac ages and disease scores

	DNAm AgeHannum			DNAm AgeHorvath			DNAm PhenoAge			DNAm GrimAge
	Correlation	Association		Correlation	Association		Correlation	Association		Correlation	Association
	ρ	β (95% CI)	p value	ρ	β (95% CI)	p value	ρ	β (95% CI)	p value	ρ	β (95% CI)	p value
Bayesian A-ECG age	− 0.03	0.01 (− 0.10, 0.12)	0.875	0.08	0.09 (− 0.02, 0.21)	0.023	0.13	0.13 (0.05, 0.22)	0.003	0.06	0.21 (0.05, 0.37)	0.009
DNN ECG-based age	0.12	0.16 (− 0.09, 0.40)	0.462	0.10	0.27 (0.02, 0.52)	0.033	0.11	0.21 (0.02, 0.39)	0.035	0.16	0.44 (0.09, 0.79)	0.014
LVSD score	0.01	− 0,02 (− 0.06, 0.01)	0.204	− 0.03	− 0.03 (− 0.07, 0.01)	0.130	− 0.12	− 0.03 (− 0.06, − 0.01)	0.022	− 0.05	− 0.04 (− 0.10, 0.01)	0.127
LVER score	− 0.08	− 0.13 (− 0.26, 0.01)	0.065	− 0.08	− 0.14 (− 0.28, − 0.01)	0.041	− 0.13	− 0.15 (− 0.26, − 0.05)	0.004	− 0.10	− 0.21 (− 0.40, − 0.01)	0.036

Correlation was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation coefficients, while the association was appraised using generalized linear models with Gaussian distributions and identity links using DNAm ages as the independent variables and the -ECG-based cardiac ages or disease scores as the dependent variables. To obtain better estimates, the association models were adjusted for chronological age, sex, aSEP (as a binary variable: manual and non-manual), smoking status (as current smoker, ex-smoker and never-smoked), alcohol consumption (as the average number of alcohol units drank per day), physical activity status (as active or inactive) and white cell counts (i.e., naïve and exhausted CD8 + T-lymphocytes, CD4 + T-lymphocytes, B-cells, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and monocytes). Significant p values are in bold

β = regression coefficient; ρ = Pearson's correlation coefficient; CI = confidence interval. Other abbreviations as in Table 1