Table 2.
Dietary intakes and colorectal cancer risk in total study population
| Dietary factor | No. cases | No. participants | Person-years | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WCRF dietary score | |||||
| 2–3 | 2,298 | 201,039 | 2,430,594 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| 0–1 | 2,335 | 169,863 | 2,044,261 | 1.27 (1.20–1.34) | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) |
| Red meat (times/week) | |||||
| < 2 | 2,086 | 184,189 | 2,225,060 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| 2 to < 3 | 1,370 | 107,765 | 1,300,269 | 1.07 (1.00–1.15) | 1.03 (0.97–1.11) |
| ≥ 3 | 1,225 | 81,539 | 980,149 | 1.24 (1.16–1.33) | 1.16 (1.08–1.25) |
| P-trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
| Processed meat (times/week) | |||||
| < 1 | 1,567 | 141,439 | 1,716,522 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| 1 | 1,423 | 112,069 | 1,352,197 | 1.16 (1.08–1.24) | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) |
| ≥ 2 | 1,690 | 119,967 | 1,436,538 | 1.34 (1.25–1.43) | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) |
| P-trend | < 0.001 | 0.06 | |||
| Poultry (times/week) | |||||
| < 1 | 703 | 57,209 | 687,085 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| 1 | 1,833 | 136,573 | 1,643,714 | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) |
| ≥ 2 | 2,142 | 179,627 | 2,173,735 | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) |
| P-trend | 0.67 | 0.77 | |||
| Total fish (times/week) | |||||
| ≤ 1 | 1,104 | 96,791 | 1,168,954 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 1 to ≤ 2 | 2,272 | 172,168 | 2,077,449 | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) |
| > 2 | 1,303 | 104,601 | 1,259,732 | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) | 0.96 (0.89–1.05) |
| P-trend | 0.02 | 0.12 | |||
| Milk (100 mL/day) | |||||
| < 2 | 1,640 | 125,072 | 1,510,035 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| 2 to < 3 | 1,861 | 147,570 | 1,781,978 | 0.89 (0.83–0.95) | 0.91 (0.85–0.97) |
| ≥ 3 | 989 | 82,256 | 988,713 | 0.85 (0.78–0.92) | 0.85 (0.79–0.92) |
| P-trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
| Cheese (times/week) | |||||
| < 2 | 1,849 | 147,534 | 1,780,536 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| 2 to 4 | 2,111 | 170,015 | 2,051,719 | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) |
| ≥ 5 | 609 | 47,933 | 577,864 | 1.08 (0.98–1.18) | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) |
| P-trend | 0.14 | 0.46 | |||
| Total fruit (servings/day) | |||||
| < 2 | 1,644 | 125,649 | 1,507,039 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| 2 to < 4 | 2,038 | 168,670 | 2,040,211 | 0.85 (0.80–0.91) | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) |
| ≥ 4 | 998 | 79,126 | 957,664 | 0.84 (0.77–0.90) | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) |
| P-trend | < 0.001 | 0.25 | |||
| Total vegetables (servings/day) | |||||
| < 4 | 1,649 | 133,050 | 1,606,032 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| < 6 | 1,614 | 127,678 | 1,541,178 | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) |
| ≥ 6 | 1,384 | 111,145 | 1,338,968 | 0.93 (0.86–0.99) | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) |
| P-trend | 0.04 | 0.37 | |||
| Coffee (cups/day) | |||||
| < 1 | 1,258 | 104,995 | 1,268,205 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| 1 to ≤ 2 | 1,805 | 144,409 | 1,742,423 | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) |
| > 2 | 1,614 | 123,992 | 1,493,625 | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 1.01 (0.93–1.08) |
| P-trend | 0.04 | 0.47 | |||
| Tea (cups/day) | |||||
| < 3 | 1,898 | 147,056 | 1,775,758 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| < 5 | 1,413 | 109,475 | 1,322,518 | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) |
| ≥ 5 | 1,367 | 116,770 | 1,404,889 | 0.87 (0.81–0.93) | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) |
| P-trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
| Alcohol (times/week) | |||||
| < 1 | 1,212 | 104,780 | 1,258,892 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| 1 to 2 | 1,127 | 99,060 | 1,200,103 | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 0.98 (0.90–1.06) |
| ≥ 3 | 2,340 | 169,903 | 2,049,364 | 1.18 (1.10–1.26) | 1.08 (1.01–1.17) |
| P-trend | < 0.001 | 0.01 | |||
| IV-weighted dietary score | |||||
| -13.22 to < -2.88 | 1,248 | 115,317 | 1,393,664 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| -2.88 to < 1.09 | 1,449 | 115,642 | 1,397,328 | 1.18 (1.10–1.28) | 1.14 (1.06–1.23) |
| 1.09 to 13.02 | 1,656 | 115,412 | 1,389,266 | 1.40 (1.30–1.50) | 1.27 (1.18–1.37) |
| P-trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
The HRs were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models with adjustment for sex, first-degree family history of colorectal cancer, smoking status, alcohol consumption (except when alcohol intake and dietary score are exposure), body mass index, and physical activity
HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, WCRF World Cancer Research Fund, IV inverse variance. Bold font indicates significant difference