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. 2023 Oct 4;14:1264032. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1264032

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

PDc reduces HepG2 proliferation through ROS-induced apoptosis (A) Left, representative images of DCFDA staining after 1 h of treatment (scale bar 100 µm); right, ROS quantification after 6 h of treatment shown as fold change (mean ± SEM, n = 3). The degrees of significance are indicated as **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, calculated with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test. (B) Left, apoptosis assay FlowJo representative images for Annexin V and PI staining; right, representative results, n = 3. (C) Cells’ total apoptosis assessed after pre-treatment with 20 mM NAC (mean ± SEM, n = 3). The degrees of significance are indicated as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and calculated with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test. (D) Cells’ viability determined after pre-treatment with 20 mM NAC (mean ± SEM, n = 3). The degrees of significance are indicated as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, calculated with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test. (E) Western blot representative images of PARP1, Chk2, and p53 analysis after pre-treatment with 20 mM NAC; fold change of proteins normalised to β-Actin expression (mean ± SEM, n = 3). The degrees of significance are indicated as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and calculated with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test.