Table 1.

Common motion profiles used to measure vestibular perception with predominant contributions from the different end organs.

Vestibular end-organ	Motion(s)	References
Lateral canals	Earth vertical yaw rotations	(51, 62, 63)
Vertical canals	Earth horizontal tilts (≥2 Hz*) earth vertical rotations	(56, 62–64)
Utricles	Interaural translations (<2 Hz**) quasi-static tilts	(24, 53, 62–64)
Saccules	Superior–inferior translations (<2 Hz**) quasi-static tilts	(53, 62, 63)
Canal-otolith integration	Earth horizontal tilts (<1 Hz***)	(56, 62–64)

*2 Hz earth-horizontal tilts thresholds were shown to be equivalent to 2 Hz earth-vertical rotation thresholds, supporting the predominant use of vertical canal signals. **Relative to 1 Hz translations, translations at 2 Hz were shown to be more influenced by extra-vestibular (e.g., proprioceptive) motion cues. ***Thresholds for earth horizontal tilts improve at lower frequencies (<1 Hz), presumably due to the integration of otolith and vertical canal inputs.