Table 5.
MNT effects on biochemical measurements according to menopausal status
| Variable | Pre-menopausal group (n=36) | Post-menopausal group (n=38) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group (n=17) | MNT group (n=19) | Control group (n=19) | MNT group (n=19) | |||||
| Baseline | Final | Baseline | Final | Baseline | Final | Baseline | Final | |
| TG (mg/dL) | 98.4 ±52.9 | 117.3 ±65.6 | 107.1 ±40.0 | 91.2 ±32.6* | 112.8 ±55.5 | 101.0 ±35.8 | 134.2 ±63.1 | 109.6 ±40.3 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 199.8 ±30.0 | 203.8 ±22.0 | 201.9 ±27.9 | 198.4 ±31.5 | 213.6 ±14.7 | 217.8 ±26.5 | 214.6 ±24.8 | 200.6 ±25.2*,† |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 127.5 ±18.8 | 125.5 ±14.4 | 126.2 ±25.5 | 124.7 ±28.6 | 135.6 ±19.4 | 142.4 ±27.3 | 139.4 ±22.4 | 129.3 ±23.8 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 59.6 ±19.4 | 59.5 ±19.1 | 60.7 ±15.7 | 63.0 ±15.3 | 62.4 ±13.6 | 62.3 ±14.7 | 56.8 ±14.7 | 59.9 ±12.6 |
| VLDL-C (mg/dL) | 23.5 ±13.0 | 22.9 ±13.2 | 22.5 ±11.4 | 18.1 ±6.7* | 21.6 ±8.4 | 19.6 ±6.2 | 26.9 ±14.3 | 21.8 ±7.8 |
| LDL/HDL ratio | 2.3 ±0.6 | 2.3 ±0.6 | 2.2 ±0.8 | 2.1 ±0.7 | 2.3 ±0.7 | 2.5 ±0.9 | 2.6 ±0.6 | 2.2 ±0.6* |
| Free fatty acid level (μEq/L) | 506.0 ±233.6 | 463.4 ±224.2 | 462.3 ±270.3 | 520.7 ±191.0 | 554.1 ±202.7 | 579.6 ±170.6 | 559.1 ±178.8 | 496.3 ±170.2 |
| AI‡ | 2.5 ±0.7 | 2.7 ±0.9 | 2.5 ±0.8 | 2.3 ±0.8* | 2.6 ±0.9 | 2.7 ±1.0 | 2.9 ±0.8 | 2.5 ±0.7* |
| Apo-B (mg/dL) | 97.6 ±15.2 | 97.4 ±10.9 | 87.7 ±18.9 | 92.0 ±22.6 | 100.1 ±19.6 | 102.9 ±26.7 | 103.0 ±14.7 | 98.6 ±18.1 |
| Apo-A1 (mg/dL) | 153.6 ±29.2 | 158.7 ±30.0 | 154.8 ±22.1 | 161.3 ±29.9 | 163.5 ±23.5 | 166.0 ±28.0 | 160.5 ±25.0 | 164.8 ±22.9 |
| Apo-B/A | 0.7 ±0.1 | 0.6 ±0.1 | 0.6 ±0.2 | 0.6 ±0.2 | 0.6 ±0.2 | 0.6 ±0.2 | 0.7 ±0.2 | 0.6 ±0.1* |
| Glucose level (mg/dL) | 89.0 ±9.9 | 90.4 ±6.7 | 89.5 ±9.2 | 91.8 ±11.2 | 97.2 ±9.8 | 93.1 ±7.7 | 95.1 ±9.9 | 92.8 ±9.7 |
| Insulin level (μU/mL) | 8.3 ±6.9 | 11.2 ±9.8 | 7.0 ±3.9 | 6.3 ±3.7 | 7.6 ±7.5 | 5.1 ±2.3 | 7.1 ±5.6 | 5.5 ±2.8 |
| HOMA-IR§ | 1.8 ±1.5 | 1.5 ±0.9 | 1.6 ±1.0 | 1.5 ±0.9 | 1.8 ±1.7 | 1.2 ±0.6 | 1.7 ±1.5 | 1.3 ±0.8 |
| C-reactive protein | 0.8 ±0.7 | 0.6 ±0.5 | 1.2 ±2.5 | 2.6 ±6.8 | 1.8 ±3.7 | 0.8 ±0.8 | 1.3 ±3.4 | 1.4 ±3.3 |
Values are presented as mean± standard deviation.
Values differed significantly from baseline as assessed using the paired t-test: *P < 0.05; Values differed significantly between the MNT and control groups as assessed using Student’s t-test: †P < 0.05; ‡AI= (TC−HDL-C)/HDL-C; §HOMA-IR score= [fasting insulin (μIU/mL)× fasting glucose (mmol/L)]/22.5.
MNT, medical nutrition therapy; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-C, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AI, atherogenic index; Apo, apolipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.