Table 3.
Least squares means (95% confidence intervals) for circulating levels of fasting glucose, insulin resistance markers and blood pressure according to sleep duration in the FiLWHEL study
| Variable | LS means (95% CIs) (hr/day) | P trend | Post hoc * | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 5 | 5–6 | 7–8 | > 8 | |||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | ||||||
| Multivariate adjusted† | 88.46 (85.48–91.55) | 88.60 (86.26–91.01) | 87.19 (84.92–89.51) | 89.44 (85.48–93.58) | 0.647 | |
| Multivariate adjusted‡ | 88.41 (85.39–91.54) | 88.44 (86.09–90.85) | 87.18 (84.91–89.52) | 89.11 (85.15–93.25) | 0.639 | |
| HbA1c (%) | ||||||
| Multivariate adjusted† | 5.46 (5.32–5.61) | 5.58 (5.47–5.70) | 5.46 (5.35–5.57) | 5.42 (5.23–5.61) | 0.282 | b-c |
| Multivariate adjusted‡ | 5.46 (5.31–5.60) | 5.57 (5.46–5.69) | 5.46 (5.36–5.57) | 5.40 (5.22–5.59) | 0.283 | |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | ||||||
| Multivariate adjusted† | 8.68 (7.19–10.47) | 9.25 (7.99–10.71) | 8.68 (7.52–10.03) | 10.71 (8.36–13.73) | 0.524 | |
| Multivariate adjusted‡ | 8.60 (7.25–10.19) | 8.97 (7.86–10.23) | 8.76 (7.70–9.97) | 10.09 (8.08–12.60) | 0.446 | |
| HOMA-IR | ||||||
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.89 (1.54–2.32) | 2.02 (1.72–2.37) | 1.87 (1.60–2.18) | 2.36 (1.81–3.09) | 0.610 | |
| Multivariate adjusted‡ | 1.87 (1.56–2.26) | 1.96 (1.69–2.26) | 1.88 (1.64–2.17) | 2.22 (1.74–2.83) | 0.544 | |
| HOMA-β | ||||||
| Multivariate adjusted† | 130.47 (108.76–156.52) | 139.14 (120.73–160.36) | 137.20 (119.31–157.78) | 155.63 (122.40–197.89) | 0.348 | |
| Multivariate adjusted‡ | 129.74 (109.51–153.70) | 135.76 (119.04–154.83) | 138.51 (121.77–157.55) | 148.38 (118.92–185.14) | 0.289 | |
| SBP (mmHg) | ||||||
| Multivariate adjusted† | 114.81 (110.72–119.05) | 122.34 (118.94–125.83) | 117.95 (114.70–121.30) | 118.01 (112.57–123.71) | 0.930 | a-b, b-c |
| Multivariate adjusted‡ | 115.26 (111.30–119.37) | 121.99 (118.76–125.31) | 118.15 (115.06–121.33) | 117.51 (112.37–122.89) | 0.956 | a-b |
| DBP (mmHg) | ||||||
| Multivariate adjusted† | 73.14 (70.16–76.25) | 78.24 (75.76–80.81) | 75.98 (73.58–78.46) | 76.34 (72.32–80.59) | 0.464 | a-b |
| Multivariate adjusted‡ | 74.89 (72.30–77.57) | 78.29 (76.02–80.43) | 76.5 (74.49–78.57) | 76.36 (73.01–79.87) | 0.876 | a-b |
*Tukey’s multiple comparison analyses assessed significant pairwise differences between < 5 (a), 5–6 (b), 7–8 (c), > 8 hr/day (d) at the P < 0.05 level; †Models were adjusted for age (years, continuous), education (associate vocational or less, college graduate or more), vigorous activity (yes, no), smoking (never, ever), health-related quality of life (continuous), coffee intake (< 0.5, 0.5–< 2, ≥ 2 cups/day), carbohydrate intake (g/day, continuous), and energy intake (kcal/day, continuous); ‡Models were additionally adjusted for body mass index (≤ 23, 23–≤ 25, > 25 kg/m2).
FiLWHEL, Filipino Women’s Diet and Health Study; LS, least square; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of 4-cell function; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.