Table-5.

Factors associated with AMR in layer poultry farms.

Characteristic	COR (95% CI)	p-value	AOR (95% CI)	p-value
Type of farmer
Small-scale	Ref		Ref
Medium-scale	0.41 (0.11–1.53)	0.184	0.31 (0.06–1.59)	0.161
Large-scale	0.48 (0.15–1.52)	0.210	0.20 (0.04–0.99)	0.049
Gender of owner
Male	Ref
Female	6.35 (0.73–55.54)	0.095
Age of chickens	0.99 (0.98–1.02)	0.703
Type of floor
Concrete	Ref
Soil	0.92 (0.06–15.31)	0.955
Antibiotic use
No	Ref		Ref	0.537
Yes	2.83 (0.69–11.63)	0.148	1.88 (0.25–14.05)
Use of prescription
No	Ref
Yes	0.77 (0.31–1.88)	0.566
Prevention of infection
No	Ref
Yes	2.08 (0.83–5.26)	0.120
Improving production
Yes	Ref
No	0.85 (0.35–2.08)	0.722
Consulting a veterinarian
No	Ref
Yes	0.48 (0.13–1.78)	0.271
Antibiotic administration
Farm owner	Ref		Ref	0.411
Farm worker	0.28 (0.08–0.98)	0.046	0.48 (0.09–2.74)
Knowledge of the observation period
No	Ref
Yes	0.99 (0.39–2.48)	0.976
Biosecurity practices
No	Ref		Ref	0.223
Yes	0.34 (0.06–1.85)	0.211	0.27 (0.03–2.21)
Aware of AMR
No	Ref		Ref	0.027
Yes	0.32 (0.13–0.81)	0.017	0.26 (0.08–0.86)

COR=Crude odds ratio, AOR=Adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI=95% confidence interval, AMR=Antimicrobial resistance, bold values represent statistical significance at p < 0.05, variables not appearing in the final multivariable model (blank spaces) were dropped from the final model