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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 18.
Published in final edited form as: J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc. 2021 Jul 5;184(4):1390–1413. doi: 10.1111/rssa.12716

TABLE 5.

Estimated effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the WISC Freedom based on six models: (1) an unadjusted model, (2) a model using traditional covariate adjustment via linear regression, (3) a model using the generalized propensity score, (4) the proposed two-part generalized propensity score, (5) two-part generalized propensity score via stratification (5 strata) and (6) two-part generalized propensity score via stratification (10 strata)

Method Average causal effect SE
Unadjusted model −7.90 3.65
Covariate-adjusted model −11.21 4.43
Generalized propensity score −11.21 4.29
Two-part generalized propensity score −11.89 5.03
Two-part generalized propensity score via stratification (5 strata) −8.50 3.96
Two-part generalized propensity score via stratification (10 strata) −11.04 4.11