Table 2.
Baseline and operative characteristics of patients at Stage II and III.
| Characteristic | Pilot study (N=20) | Clinical trial (N=120) | Ablation (N=97) | P * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, no (male/female) | 20 (7/13) | 120 (46/74) | 97 (38/59) | 0.899 |
| Age, years | 49.6±9.6 | 52.3±8.0 | 56.7±8.7 | <0.001 |
| NYHA Class III or Class IV, no. (%) | 20 (100) | 112 (93.3) | 84 (86.6) | 0.095 |
| Atrial fibrillation duration, months | 19.4±6.5 | 23.6±9.7 | 21.5±8.1 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, n (%) | 57.1±8.1 | 60.5±8.7 | 61.0±9.3 | 0.708 |
| Left atrial anteroposterior diameter, mm | 55.0±3.3 | 54.8±9.3 | 51.5±8.3 | 0.007 |
| Mitral lesion, no. (%) | 20 (100) | 120 (100) | 89 (91.8) | 0.004 |
| Aortic lesion, no. (%) | 0 | 58 (48.3) | 52 (53.6) | 0.44 |
| Tricuspid lesion, no. (%) | 0 | 85 (70.8) | 79 (81.4) | 0.071 |
| Coronary Heart Disease, no. (%) | 0 | 3 (2.5) | 1 (1.0) | 0.77 |
| Hypertension, no. (%) | 1 (5.0) | 13 (10.8) | 7 (7.2) | 0.36 |
| Prior cerebrovascular accident, no. (%) | 0 | 12 (10) | 9 (9.3) | 0.858 |
| Diabetes, no. (%) | 1 (5.0) | 5 (4.2) | 6 (6.2) | 0.717 |
| Smoking history, no. (%) | 2 (10.0) | 25 (20.8) | 11 (11.3) | 0.062 |
| Use of amiodarone, no. (%) | 1 (5.0) | 3 (2.5) | 5 (5.2) | 0.484 |
| Use of digoxin, no. (%) | 11 (55.0) | 69 (57.5) | 47 (48.5) | 0.241 |
| Use of beta-blocker, no. (%) | 5 (25.0) | 23 (19.2) | 49 (50.5) | <0.001 |
| Preoperative NT-proBNP level, pg/ml | 1553.2±1233.2 | 1482.3±1321.8 | 1486.7±1470.9 | 0.982 |
| Preoperative creatine level, μmol/l | 77.5±16.3 | 79.4±44.9 | 78.1±18.4 | 0.219 |
| EuroScore I | 1.8±1.6 | 1.8±1.4 | 1.8±1.5 | 0.842 |
| Mitral valve procedure, no. (%) | ||||
| Mitral valve replacement | 20 (100) | 109 (90.8) | 88 (90.7) | 0.977 |
| Mitral valve repair | 0 | 11 (9.2) | 9 (9.3) | 0.807 |
| Aortic valve replacement, no. (%) | 0 | 35 (29.2) | 20 (20.6) | 0.15 |
| Tricuspid valve repair, no. (%) | 0 | 38 (31.7) | 33 (34.0) | 0.713 |
| CABG, no. (%) | 0 | 3 (2.5) | 0 | 0.325 |
| Blood loss, ml | 216.5±127.0 | 260.8±158.7 | 317.7±176.5 | 0.013 |
| Extubation time, h | 14.3±8.28 | 13.6±10.8 | 20.6±20.9 | 0.003 |
| Total surgery time, min | 221.6±33.9 | 230.7±48.4 | 284.4±47.4 | <0.001 |
| Total cardiopulmonary bypass time, min | 95.5±19.0 | 106.8±33.4 | 169.3±39.1 | <0.001 |
| Aortic cross-clamp time, min | 44.4±17.8 | 52.5±23.5 | 108.2±24.6 | <0.001 |
*
P value was obtained by the comparison between clinical trial group and ablation group.