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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 18.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Res Nurs. 2013 Feb 2;16(2):218–227. doi: 10.1177/1099800412473820

Table 3.

Diabetes Autoantibodies (DAAs) in Type 1 Diabetes.

Diabetes autoantibody Sensitivity (%) Comments
Insulin autoantibody (IAA) Up to 92 Levels decrease with age
Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 84 Higher sensitivity in adult-onset T1D
Insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2; aka ICA 512) 79 Rare in children <3 years of age, then levels increase
Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) 63 Positive in >25% of patients negative for IAA, GAD, IA-2; rare in children <3 years of age, peak in adolescence

Note. Adapted from Taplin and Barker (2008), © 2008, Informa Healthcare, with permission of Informa Healthcare.