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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jan 12.
Published in final edited form as: J Comput Graph Stat. 2023 Jan 12;32(3):1131–1144. doi: 10.1080/10618600.2022.2149540

Table 1.

Comparison of clustering performance among different methods with 100 replications in terms of mean (standard deviation) for (1). K^: identified cluster number; (2). ARI; (3). CSA; (4). Computing time.

N=(25,25,25,25) N=(5,25,25,45)
K^ ARI CSA Time (secs) K^ ARI CSA Time (secs)
Low Noise
clusterMLD(GAPb) 4.01(0.10) 0.994(0.013) 0.998(0.005) 0.92 4.00(0.14) 0.995(0.016) 0.999(0.004) 0.95
clusterMLD(CH) 4.00(0.00) 0.994(0.013) 0.998(0.005) 0.92 3.01(0.10) 0.921(0.025) −(−) 0.95
KmL 4.00(0.00) 0.997(0.009) 0.999(0.003) 5.64 3.00(0.00) 0.919(0.015) −(−) 4.98
GM (B-splines) 5.34(1.32) 0.937(0.078) 0.997(0.005) 1.05 5.02(1.67) 0.844(0.122) 0.939(0.048) 0.95
uReMix 4.32(0.49) 0.969(0.045) 0.999(0.003) 0.57 3.04(0.20) 0.916(0.024) 0.875(0.083) 0.49
NPG 3.86(0.43) 0.950(0.119) 0.999(0.003) 328.97 4.06(0.34) 0.968(0.028) 0.985(0.013) 334.22
longclust 4.02(0.14) 0.996(0.013) 0.999(0.003) 12.92 3.94(0.40) 0.985(0.043) 1.000(0.002) 12.72
funHDDC 3.93(2.08) 0.473(0.221) 0.705(0.069) 20.48 3.37(1.81) 0.359(0.227) 0.756(0.088) 17.74
curvclust 6.09(1.93) 0.876(0.113) 0.998(0.004) 9.96 5.71(1.50) 0.845(0.130) 1.000(0.002) 8.97
High Noise
clusterMLD(GAPb) 4.45(0.72) 0.901(0.079) 0.972(0.029) 0.99 3.75(0.74) 0.890(0.126) 0.979(0.032) 0.98
clusterMLD(CH) 3.96(0.28) 0.918(0.106) 0.972(0.028) 0.99 3.04(0.20) 0.865(0.091) 0.778(0.054) 0.98
PAM (B-splines) 1.05(0.22) <0.010(0.001) −(−) 14.7 1.04(0.20) <0.010(0.001) −(−) 14.16
KmL 3.90(0.44) 0.903(0.137) 0.975(0.019) 5.25 3.00(0.00) 0.884(0.035) −(−) 5.00
GM (B-splines) 5.26(1.28) 0.917(0.097) 0.989(0.011) 0.94 4.96(1.66) 0.817(0.144) 0.937(0.034) 1.01
uReMix 4.87(0.75) 0.857(0.076) 0.969(0.026) 0.68 3.73(0.69) 0.787(0.113) 0.824(0.060) 0.61
NPG 4.07(0.97) 0.744(0.217) 0.865(0.157) 330.56 4.58(0.82) 0.889(0.102) 0.960(0.041) 335.91
longclust 4.03(0.17) 0.973(0.031) 0.991(0.011) 14.58 3.74(0.44) 0.960(0.044) 0.992(0.010) 14.26
funHDDC 4.02(2.86) 0.343(0.235) 0.755(0.064) 25.21 5.07(2.70) 0.388(0.206) 0.692(0.117) 24.9
curvclust 9.14(0.82) 0.635(0.054) −(−) 8.74 8.67(1.21) 0.567(0.077) −(−) 8.32

Note: CSA was only reported when there were at least two cases in 100 repetitions that resulted in K^=4.