Table 6. Morphology of ssa1D ssa2D ssa4D + GAL1prom-SSA1 cells after repression of SSA1 expression.

		%Unbudded cells2					% Budded cells
Strain, time point	Round	AS	S	MS	AS+S	Round	AS	S
EYL342 ssa1D ssa2D ssa4D + GAL1prom-SSA11
galactose to dextrose shift
1 t = 0 hr “true”	61.1	0	0	0		38.9	0	0
2 t = 0 hr “true”	60.6	0	0	0		39.4	0	0
Mean (S.E.)2	60.85 (.25)				0 (0)
1 t = 0 hr	50.9	0.6	0	0		43.6	0	0
1 t = 0 hr + af 2 hr	35.4	16	39.4	0		4.6	2.3	1.7
2 t = 0 hr + af 2 hr	43.4	17.7	29.7	0		5.7	0.6	2.3
Mean (S.E.)3	39.4 (4)		34.55 (4.85)		55.2 (5.52)
p-value4	0.033183
1 t = 3 hr	57.7	0	0	0		42.3	0	0
1 t = 3 hr + af 2 hr	27.4	26.3	42.9	0		2.3	0.6	0.6
2 t = 3 hr + af 2 hr	31.4	26.3	38.3	0		3.4	0.6	0
	29.4 (2)		40.6 (2.3)		66.9 (2.3)
p-value	0.004082		0.376744		0.286837
1 t = 4.5 hr	78.3					21.7
1 t = 4.5 hr + af 2 hr	48.3	19.9	27.3			3.4	0.6
2 t = 4.5 hr + af 2 hr	44	29.7	21.1			4.6	0.6
	46.15 (2.15)		24.2 (3.1)		48.9 (1.90)
p-value	0.021		213984		0.68701
1 t = 6 hr	81.1							18.9
1 t = 6 hr + af 2 hr	78.3	8.6	2.9					9.7
2 t = 6 hr + af 2 hr	76	6.9	3.4					13.7
	77.15 (1.15)		3.15 (.25)		10.9 (6.0)
p-value	0.005172		0.023095		0.029798
1 t = 8.12 hr	83					17

¹EYL342 (MATa ssa1::HIS3 ssa2::LEU2 ssa4::LYS2 +pGAL1prom-SSA1 CEN), was grown in YEP-2% galactose overnight to logarithmic phase, washed once in YEP-2% dextrose (pH 5.0), resuspended in the same medium and a 1 ml aliquot was taken for a time zero time point (t = 0 “true”). At the indicated intervals, 1 ml aliquots of cells were removed for growth rate determination and for incubation without or with either 10 ml DMSO or 10 ml 500 mM a factor in DMSO (5 mM final concentration) with shaking at 30°C. Cells were fixed with addition of 1/10 volume of 37% formaldehyde, then chilled on ice and sonicated before examining under the microscope. Cell viability was tallied at each time point by plating cells onto YPD plates.

² Cells were scored for whether they were unbudded (Ub),budded (B), shmoo (S), enlarged irrecgular almost shmoo shaped (AS), multi-shmoo (MS), and crumpled dying (Cr). Greater than 250 cells were scored for each characteristic in experiments 1 and 2, and 175 cells were scored for each characteristic in experiment 3. The percentage of total cells is shown for each category with the standard error (S.E.) in parentheses with the number of experiments (N).

³M (S.E.) is the mean of values. SE is the standard error, which is the standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of samples. M (S.E.) was calculated for the total number of almost shmoo and shmoo cells.

⁴p-values were calculated using a Student’s t-test of two independent means, two-tailed. They were calculated for the total number of almost shmoo and shmoo cells at each time point compared to the 2 hour time point of a factor treatment. Cell viability was tallied at each time point by plating cells onto YPD plates.