Fig 3. The observed economic costs (loge) associated with 7 bird orders, 22 alien bird species and *diverse/unspecified species.
Total observed costs for each bird order are provided in red (US$, 2017 exchange rate); k = thousand; m = million; bn = billion. The most severe reported biodiversity impact caused by each species, as categorised using the Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) framework, is also provided. EICAT impact categories: MC = Minimal Concern, MN = Minor, MO = Moderate, MR = Major, MV = Massive, NE = Not Evaluated. MO, MR, and MV impacts are considered ‘harmful’ under EICAT.