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(a) number of observed cost records year-1 associated with alien birds; (b) total cumulative observed economic costs year-1 (loge) associated with alien birds (calculated by summing all one-off (temporary) costs for a year along with all ongoing (permanent) costs for that year and ongoing (permanent) costs for all previous years); (c) average cumulative observed economic costs year-1 (loge) associated with alien birds. Costs are shown (i) with and (ii) without costs for street pigeons.
