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. 2023 Oct 3;11:1242346. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1242346

Table 8.

The impact of AMS on pesticide expenditure for different cropland scale farmers.

Variables Estimation Mean pesticide expenditure (yuan/mu) Treatment effects t-value Reduction rate (%)
Adoption of AMS Non-adoption of AMS
Small-scale farmers ATT 148.269 (1.571) 281.391 (2.510) −133.122*** −44.967 47.31
ATU 254.187 (2.424) 263.405 (3.888) −9.218*** −2.012 3.50
Large-scale farmers ATT 55.719 (1.365) 98.183 (1.868) −42.464*** −18.355 43.25
ATU 56.701 (2.200) 73.503 (2.673) −16.802*** −4.853 22.86

*** indicate significance at the 1% level. Standard errors are reported in parentheses.