Table 6.

Pooled analysis of the secondary outcome—sleep quality (“Overall, how well did you sleep last night?”)

Study	N: 0–60	N: 60–0	Median difference (95% CI)	p Value	Test statistic	Carry-over effect p value
Pooled analysis	132	139	2.875 (2.5; 3.225)	< 0.0001	1530	0.0075
Pooled analysis without Herzog et al. (2019) [9]	98	103	2.6 (2.17; 3.02)	< 0.0001	1,082.5	0.011
Schmidt et al. (2013) [15]	35	36	2.55 (1.9; 3.2)	< 0.0001	81	0.069
Schmidt et al. (2015) [14]	28	32	2.5 (1.5; 3.25)	< 0.0001	123	0.010
Herzog et al. (2019) [9]	34	36	3.55 (3; 4.2)	< 0.0001	28	0.55
Schmidt et al. (2021) [16]	35	35	2.8 (2; 3.45)	< 0.0001	134	0.66

Statistically significant p values < 0.05 are in bold

Results were derived from two sample Wilcoxon rank sum tests comparing the two different noise sequences (0–60 vs. 60–0 simulated noise events). CI confidence interval