Table 2.
Preclinical and clinical studies on the role of miR-21 in PDAC
| Target(s) | Type of study | Main preclinical model(s) | Downstream effect(s) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PTEN | In vitro and in clinical samples | Human PDAC cell lines and primary cultures | Gemcitabine chemoresistance and inhibition of apoptosis | [50] |
| PDCD4, TIMP3 | In vitro and in clinical samples | Human pancreatic and PDAC tissue samples | Tumor progression | [26] |
| FasL, PTEN, PDCD4 | In vitro and in vivo | Human PDAC cell lines (PANC-1, BxPC3), and xenografts in BALB/c-nu/nu nude mice | Chemoresistance, enhanced resistance to gemcitabine-induced apoptosis | [55] |
| PTEN, PDCD4 | In vitro | Human PDAC cell lines (PATU8988, PANC-1) | 5-FU chemoresistance, migration and invasion | [27] |
| PDCD4, PTEN, Sprouty-1/-2 | In vitro and in vivo | Genetically engineered mouse models of PDAC | Promotes cell growth, required for TGF-β signaling, carcinogenesis, tissue fibrosis and inflammation | [59] |
| PTEN, PDCD4, RECK, STAT3 |
In vitro, in vivo, and in clinical samples |
Different tumor types: breast, prostate, hepatocarcinoma, colon cancer and PDAC cell lines and mouse models | Enhanced cell proliferation, migration and invasion, interference in apoptosis | [58] |
| PDCD4 | In vitro and in vivo | PDAC cells MIA Paca-2 cells, Panc02 and their xenograft mouse model, PDAC tissue samples | Promotes activation of CAFs, chemoresistance, cell invasion | [60] |
| PTEN | In vitro | Human PDAC cells (BxPc-3 and PANC-1) | Promotes cell invasion, metabolic alteration of CAFs, development of cancer cells | [61] |
| PTEN, SDCD4, Sprouty2, TPM1, RASA1 | In vivo | Genetically engineered mouse | Promotes EMT, invasion and migration | [62] |
| - | In vitro and bioinformatics analysis | Human PDAC cells (BxPc3, HPAF-II, HPAC, PANC-1, PL45) | Enhanced cell proliferation and gemcitabine resistance | [51] |
| - | In clinical samples | Bioinformatics analysis in PDAC tissue samples | - | [52] |
| - |
In clinical samples, in vitro/vivo |
HPDE, BxPC-3, MIA PaCa-2 cells, and orthotopic BxPC-3 in NOD/SCID IL2Rγ null mice | Poor prognosis, metastasis and invasion | [53] |
| - | In clinical samples | Pancreatic and PDAC tissue samples | Poor clinical outcome, and chemoresistance | [54] |
Abbreviations: 5FU, 5-fluorouracil; CAF, cancer associated fibroblasts; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; PDCD4, programmed cell death protein 4; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; RASA1, RAS p21 protein activator 1; RECK, Reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TIMP3, metalloproteinase inhibitor 3; TPM1, tissue Inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3