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. 2023 Jun 2;42(3):941–958. doi: 10.1007/s10555-023-10108-z

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Schematic overview of the ganglioside structure and biosynthesis. Gangliosides are generated from the precursor LacCer or GalCer after addition of sialic acids by different sialyltransferases. Cer, ceramide; Lac, lactosyl; Gal, galactose; Glc, glucose; GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine; Neu5Ac, N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid); ST3Gal5, ST3 βgalactoside α-2,3-sialyltransferase 5 (GM3 synthase); ST8Sia1, ST8 α-N-acetyl-neuraminide α-2,8-sialyltransferase 1 (GD3 synthase); ST8Sia5, ST8 α-N-acetyl-neuraminide α-2,8-sialyltransferase 5 (GT3 synthase); β4GalNAcT1, β-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (GM2/GD2 synthase); β3GalT4, β-1,3-galactosyltransferase 4 (GM1/GA1/GD1 synthase). Adapted from Inokuchi et al. [19]