Table 5.
A representative list showing different mechanisms along with drugs, molecular targets and cancer type associated with cancer drug resistance
| Resistance mechanism | Cytotoxic drugs | Type of cancer | Target | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microseminoprotein, prostate-associated (MSMP) gene upregulation | Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1/2/3 (VEGFR1/2/3) inhibitors | Ovarian cancer | Hypoxia, triggering mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling | [162] |
| Activated PDGFR |
Histone deacetylase inhibitors, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, anti-VEGF drugs |
Prostate cancer | Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) | [163] |
| Tumour heterogeneity | Tyrosine kinase inhibitors | Lung cancer | Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M mutation | [164] |
| Drug inactivation | Platinum drug | Lung cancer | Thiol glutathione | [165] |
| Reduced drug uptake | 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and miR-21 inhibitor oligonucleotide (miR-21i) | Colon cancer | Micro-RNA-21 (miR-21) | [166] |
| DNA repair alternation | Platinum (carboplatin or cisplatin) and taxol (paclitaxel) | Ovarian cancer | DNA repair pathways | [167] |
|
Inhibition in apoptotic pathways and autophagy |
Epirubicin, tamoxifen, herceptin, and vinorelbine | Breast cancer | Autophagy | [168] |
| Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) | Wingless and Int-1 (Wnt) signaling inhibitors | Ovarian cancers | Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway | [169] |
| Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) | Nivolumab | Urothelial cancer | EMT/stroma-related gene expression | [170] |