Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the propensity score matched cohorts stratified by the Day 1–3 fluid balances
| Characteristic | Day 1 cohort (n = 966) | SMD | Day 2 cohort (n = 746) | SMD | Day 3 cohort (n = 784) | SMD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative (n = 483) |
Positive (n = 483) |
Negative (n = 373) |
Positive (n = 373) |
Negative (n = 392) |
Positive (n = 392) |
||||
| Female, % | 201 (41.6) | 188 (38.9) | 0.055 | 154 (41.3) | 145 (38.9) | 0.049 | 163 (41.6) | 158 (40.3) | 0.026 |
| Age, yr |
73.00 [63.00, 81.00] |
74.00 [63.00, 80.00] |
0.006 |
72.00 [62.00, 81.00] |
73.00 [63.00, 80.00] |
0.033 |
73.00 [63.00, 81.00] |
72.50 [63.00, 80.00] |
0.047 |
| BMI, kg/m2a |
22.04 [19.24, 25.06] |
21.80 [19.35, 24.41] |
0.099 |
22.16 [19.54, 24.93] |
22.2 [19.60, 24.77] |
0.04 |
21.81 [19.06, 24.85] |
22.03 [19.55, 24.49] |
0.052 |
| Resuscitative fluid, % | 376 (77.8) | 383 (79.3) | 0.035 | 287 (76.9) | 277 (74.3) | 0.062 | 298 (76.0) | 308 (78.6) | 0.061 |
| Severity scores | |||||||||
| SOFA score |
7.00 [5.00, 9.00] |
6.00 [5.00, 8.00] |
0.068 | 7.00 [5.00, 9.00] | 6.00 [5.00, 9.00] | 0.043 |
7.00 [5.00, 9.00] |
7.00 [5.00, 9.00] |
0.027 |
| Septic shock, % | 101 (20.9) | 93 (19.3) | 0.041 | 82 (22.0) | 83 (22.3) | 0.006 | 84 (21.4) | 87 (22.2) | 0.019 |
| Referring facility, % | 0.043 | 0.07 | 0.049 | ||||||
| Community | 326 (67.5) | 323 (66.9) | 257 (68.9) | 262 (70.2) | 261 (66.6) | 265 (67.6) | |||
| Health care | 35 (7.2) | 31 (6.4) | 16 (4.3) | 20 (5.4) | 20 (5.1) | 23 (5.9) | |||
| Hospital | 122 (25.3) | 129 (26.7) | 100 (26.8) | 91 (24.4) | 111 (28.3) | 104 (26.5) | |||
| Comorbidities, % | |||||||||
| Cardiac | 128 (26.5) | 136 (28.2) | 0.037 | 109 (29.2) | 109 (29.2) | < 0.001 | 111 (28.3) | 111 (28.3) | < 0.001 |
| Lung | 73 (15.1) | 71 (14.7) | 0.012 | 53 (14.2) | 60 (16.1) | 0.052 | 58 (14.8) | 63 (16.1) | 0.035 |
| Neurologic | 140 (29.0) | 148 (30.6) | 0.036 | 92 (24.7) | 90 (24.1) | 0.012 | 103 (26.3) | 96 (24.5) | 0.041 |
| Liver | 47 (9.7) | 43 (8.9) | 0.028 | 33 (8.8) | 27 (7.2) | 0.059 | 36 (9.2) | 38 (9.7) | 0.017 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 190 (39.3) | 193 (40.0) | 0.013 | 161 (43.2) | 163 (43.7) | 0.011 | 160 (40.8) | 177 (45.2) | 0.088 |
| Renal disease | 67 (13.9) | 61 (12.6) | 0.037 | 64 (17.2) | 73 (19.6) | 0.062 | 71 (18.1) | 67 (17.1) | 0.027 |
| Connective tissue disease | 10 (2.1) | 10 (2.1) | < 0.001 | 15 (4.0) | 11 (2.9) | 0.058 | 11 (2.8) | 13 (3.3) | 0.03 |
| Immunocompromised | 15 (3.1) | 9 ( 1.9) | 0.08 | 11 (2.9) | 5 (1.3) | 0.111 | 15 (3.8) | 6 (1.5) | 0.143 |
| Hematologic malignancy | 16 (3.3) | 16 (3.3) | < 0.001 | 9 (2.4) | 9 (2.4) | < 0.001 | 11 (2.8) | 12 (3.1) | 0.015 |
| Solid cancer | 119 (24.6) | 105 (21.7) | 0.069 | 91 (24.4) | 101 (27.1) | 0.061 | 91 (23.2) | 86 (21.9) | 0.031 |
| Site of infection, % | |||||||||
| Respiratory | 232 (48.0) | 226 (46.8) | 0.025 | 184 (49.3) | 194 (52.0) | 0.054 | 196 (50.0) | 200 (51.0) | 0.02 |
| Abdominal | 106 (21.9) | 107 (22.2) | 0.005 | 81 (21.7) | 81 (21.7) | < 0.001 | 91 (23.2) | 83 (21.2) | 0.049 |
| Urinary tract | 118 (24.4) | 115 (23.8) | 0.015 | 80 (21.4) | 82 (22.0) | 0.013 | 89 (22.7) | 85 (21.7) | 0.025 |
| Othersb | 62 (12.8) | 69 (14.3) | 0.042 | 51 (13.7) | 40 (10.7) | 0.09 | 49 (12.5) | 48 (12.2) | 0.008 |
| Laboratory findings | |||||||||
| White blood cell count * 103/L |
12.20 [8.21, 16.78] |
12.02 [8.30, 18.27] |
0.084 |
11.40 [7.46, 16.20] |
12.21 [7.30, 18.00] |
0.11 |
11.90 [7.80, 16.80] |
12.52 [7.47, 17.60] |
0.021 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL |
11.43 [3.34, 20.45] |
11.70 [2.89, 21.66] |
0.033 |
11.47 [2.72, 20.95] |
12.70 [2.30, 21.65] |
0.005 |
11.9 [3.35, 20.84] |
12.92 [3.88, 22.27] |
0.071 |
| Procalcitonina, ng/mL |
2.93 [0.32, 34.82] |
8.20 [1.22, 34.82] |
0.025 |
3.96 [0.36, 34.89] |
6.78 [1.03, 35.01] |
0.028 |
4.96 [0.42, 31.81] |
5.62 [1.05, 29.77] |
0.011 |
| Lactic acida, mmol/L |
2.60 [1.50, 4.54] |
2.78 [1.70, 5.00] |
0.087 |
2.70 [1.60, 4.77] |
3.00 [1.70, 5.28] |
0.132 |
2.67 [1.50, 4.56] |
2.90 [1.70, 5.30] |
0.182 |
| Adjunct interventions, % | |||||||||
| Steroids | 74 (15.3) | 67 (13.9) | 0.041 | 68 (18.2) | 74 (19.8) | 0.041 | 68 (17.3) | 67 (17.1) | 0.007 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 199 (41.2) | 179 (37.1) | 0.085 | 163 (43.7) | 167 (44.8) | 0.022 | 178 (45.4) | 170 (43.4) | 0.041 |
| CRRT | 64 (13.3) | 51 (10.6) | 0.083 | 60 (16.1) | 68 (18.2) | 0.057 | 67 (17.1) | 62 (15.8) | 0.034 |
| ECMO | 4 (0.8) | 2 (0.4) | 0.053 | 3 (0.8) | 6 (1.6) | 0.074 | 2 (0.5) | 6 (1.5) | 0.102 |
| Vasopressors | 337 (69.8) | 347 (71.8) | 0.046 | 269 (72.1) | 261 (70.0) | 0.047 | 281 (71.7) | 278 (70.9) | 0.017 |
| Microbiologic pathogen, % | 300 (62.1) | 302 (62.5) | 0.009 | 221 (59.2) | 218 (58.4) | 0.016 | 226 (57.7) | 231 (58.9) | 0.026 |
| Bacteria | 285 (95.0) | 284 (94.0) | 0.042 | 208 (94.1) | 198 (90.8) | 0.125 | 216 (95.6) | 209 (90.5) | 0.201 |
| Virus | 10 (3.3) | 4 (1.3) | 0.133 | 10 (4.5) | 6 (2.8) | 0.095 | 7 (3.1) | 5 (2.2) | 0.058 |
| Fungus | 13 (4.3) | 23 (7.6) | 0.139 | 10 (4.5) | 20 (9.2) | 0.185 | 9 (4.0) | 22 (9.5) | 0.222 |
| MDRa | 138 (51.3) | 112 (42.4) | 0.179 | 92 (46.7) | 76 (41.5) | 0.104 | 91 (45.3) | 79 (40.5) | 0.096 |
BMI body mass index, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, CRRT continuous renal replacement therapy, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, MDR multi-drug resistance
aThe numbers of patients who had BMI measurements taken in the Day 1–3 cohorts were 942, 728, and 755, respectively. For procalcitonin, these were 506, 367, and 400. For lactic acid, 956, 735, and 773. For MDR, 533, 380, and 396
bOthers included skin/soft tissue infection, catheter-associated infection, neurologic infection, and unknown