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. 2023 Oct 18;14:6584. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42334-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — The experiment protocol for insulin treatment of intestinal epithelial insulin receptor knock out STAM (ieIRKO-STAM) mice (a). HE staining (b) and PAS-alucian blue staining (c) of ileum. Relative expression level of ileal AMPs (d) and Crps (e), determined by qPCR. Control-DIO n = 7, non-insulin-treated control STAM mice (Control-STAM-nonINS) n = 5, insulin-treated control STAM mice (Control-STAM-INS) n = 11, insulin-treated ieIRKO-STAM mice (ieIRKO-STAM-INS) n = 10, *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, qPCR analysis with one-way ANOVA, Šídák’s multiple comparisons test between adjacent two groups. Relative expression levels of alpha defensins in ex vivo insulin-stimulated ileal sectional samples. n = 12, *P < 0.05, 2-sided Mann-Whitney’s U test for Defa22, Defa20, Defa3, Defa5, Defa26, Defa23, and Defa24. #P < 0.05, 2-sided unpaired t test for Defa21 (f). Values of the data are expressed as mean ± SEM (d, e, f). Source data are provided as a Source Data file. The exact P values are provided in Supplementary Data 3 unless they are below 0.0001.