Table 3.
Logistic regression multivariate model showing the average effect of being admitted in the second wave after adjusting for confounding variables.
| Death | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Second wave | 0.35 (0.24–0.52) | < 0.001 |
| Age (years) | ||
| 70–79 | 1 (ref.) | |
| 80–89 | 1.88 (1.65–2.15) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 90 | 2.32 (1.91–2.81) | < 0.001 |
| Female sex | 0.64 (0.57–0.71) | < 0.001 |
| Age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index | ||
| Moderate (3–4) | 1 (ref.) | |
| Severe (> 4) | 1.45 (1.27–1.66) | < 0.001 |
| Arterial hypertension | 1.00 (0.89–1.14) | 0.957 |
| Arterial stiffnessa | 0.86 (0.77–0.96) | 0.007 |
| Severe dependenceb | 1.65 (1.42–1.91) | < 0.001 |
| Days from beginning of symptoms | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | < 0.001 |
| Clouding of consciousness | 1.76 (1.54–2.02) | < 0.001 |
| Tachypnea | 1.92 (1.71–2.15) | < 0.001 |
| Oxygen saturation/FiO2 ratio | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | < 0.001 |
| Blood glucose (mg/dL) | ||
| < 140 | 1 (ref.) | |
| 140–179 | 1.25 (1.08–1.44) | 0.003 |
| ≥ 180 | 1.45 (1.24–1.68) | < 0.001 |
| Inflammatory patternc | ||
| Low | 1 (ref) | |
| Moderate | 1.44 (0.75–2.78) | 0.277 |
| Severe | 3.66 (1.94–6.92) | < 0.001 |
| Bilateral pneumonia | 1.37 (1.22–1.55) | < 0.001 |
| Tocilizumab | 0.91 (0.73–1.12) | 0.372 |
| Remdesivir, start date | ||
| No | 1 (ref.) | |
| Yes, ≤ 10 days from beginning of symptoms | 0.52 (0.36–0.75) | 0.001 |
| Yes, > 10 days from beginning of symptoms | 0.63 (0.26–1.50) | 0.294 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 1.14 (1.00–1.29) | 0.047 |
| Ventilatory support | ||
| No | 1 (ref.) | |
| Non-invasive | 4.09 (3.41–4.89) | < 0.001 |
| Invasive | 6.36 (4.99–8.11) | < 0.001 |
| Wave#severe dependenced | 1.50 (1.14–1.97) | 0.004 |
| Wave#systemic corticosteroidse | 1.59 (1.09–2.33) | 0.017 |
| Constant | 0.31 (0.15–0.64) | 0.002 |
a,cSee description in “Methods”. bBarthel index < 60. dInteraction between wave and severe dependence. eInteraction between wave ant systemic corticosteroid therapy. The odds ratio of Second wave represents the average effect of hospital admission during the second wave, adjusted for confounding terms and interaction. Table 4 displays the effect for each combination of interaction term values.