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. 2023 Sep 15;53(5-6):404–415. doi: 10.1007/s10519-023-10152-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Comparison of the down-sampled polygenic score (PGS) analyses in Add Health (29 phenotypes) and the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA; 26 phenotypes). Panel A displays the standardized difference between the coefficient estimates (i.e., a Z-statistic) of the down-sampled PGS for EXT-minus-23andMe versus the PGS for EXT from the original study. Absolute values were evaluated so that a negative standardized difference refers to an attenuation towards zero in the down-sampled analysis. Panel B displays the same measure but as a histogram. Four coefficient estimates were significantly (at the 5% level) attenuated in the down-sampled analysis: lifetime smoking initiation (Add Health and COGA; P = 3.18 × 10^–5 and 4.17 × 10^–5, respectively), the phenotypic externalizing factor (Add Health; P = 0.046), and lifetime cannabis use (Add Health, P = 0.03). None of the coefficients were significantly larger in the down-sampled analysis. Panel C displays a scatter plot of the absolute value of the coefficient estimates divided by their respective standard errors (i.e., a Z-statistic). These results are also reported in Table S6