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. 2023 Oct 5;11:1186026. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1186026

Table 1.

The descriptive statistics of variables.

Variables 1 2 3 4 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 7 8 9
1. Profitability 1.00
2. Innovation −0.34*** 1.00
3. Advertising −0.18*** 0.03 1.00
4. Personal Selling 0.09 0.01 0.18*** 1.00
5. Sustainability 0.21*** 0.02 −0.14*** 0.01 1.00
5.1 Environmental Sustainability −0.03 −0.08 0.05 −0.06 0.65*** 1.00
5.2 Social Sustainability 0.23*** 0.08 −0.14*** 0.03 0.85*** 0.36*** 1.00
5.3 Governance Sustainability 0.21*** 0.04 −0.14*** 0.04 0.68*** 0.23*** 0.36*** 1.00
6. Ln (Firm Age) −0.10** −0.20*** 0.01 0.01 −0.01 0.12** −0.10* −0.01 1.00
7. Ln (Asset Size) 0.08 −0.10* −0.16*** 0.05 0.25*** 0.39*** 0.08 0.20*** 0.20*** 1.00
8. Ln (Total Number of Employees) 0.05 −0.10* −0.17*** 0.09* 0.25*** 0.40*** 0.08 0.16*** 0.26*** 0.84*** 1.00
9. Debt to Net Worth Ratio −0.10* −0.20*** −0.004 0.08 −0.10* 0.049 −0.12** −0.06 0.15*** 0.05 0.08 1.00
Mean 9.02 0.02 0.15 0.29 0.42 0.24 0.44 0.66 8.89 12.87 7.47 68.16
Minimum −55.31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.82 10.46 4.91 201.08
Maximum 113.06 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9.68 16.61 10.76 −708.22
Std. Deviation 13.35 0.06 0.20 0.21 0.16 0.22 0.21 0.13 0.34 1.05 1.06 3298.76
Valid N 364 364 364 364 364 364 364 364 364 364 364 364

***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, and *p < 0.10, two tailed test.