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. 2023 Oct 5;14:1249902. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1249902

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Copyright © 2023 Beukema, Gong, Al-Jaawni, de Vries-Idema, Krammer, Zhou, Cox and Huckriede

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Timeline of animal study. Mice (n=6/experimental group) were immunized with 5 µg of WIV derived from H1N1/2009 influenza virus through daily subcutaneous injections for a period of 14 days, 21 days, or 28 days, or through intramuscular prime-boost immunization. Unimmunized mice were used as controls. On day 28, the last injections were given. Blood samples were collected weekly from day 0-42. On day 42, all mice were euthanized and cellular immune responses in the spleen and lymph nodes, germinal center responses in lymph nodes and antibody responses in the serum were measured. WIV, whole inactivated virus. The figure is created with Biorender.com.