Table 4.
Unit root tests of all variables of LA&C developing countries.
| Variables | At Level |
First Difference |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | Constant + Trend | Constant | Constant + Trend | |
| GFDIit | −2.3248** (0.001) | −5.6502** (0.000) | – | – |
| REMit | −3.803** (0.001) | −0.124 (0.450) | – | −9.435** (0.000) |
| ODAit | −4.6938** (0.000) | −6.9196** (0.000) | – | – |
| TOit | −2.3453** (0.009) | −4.3319** (0.000) | – | – |
| POPit | −7.9669** (0.000) | 4.9857 (0.995) | – | −3.8056** (0.001) |
| INFit | −6.9816** (0.000) | −8.1732** (0.000) | – | – |
| EDUit | −4.0289** (0.000) | 2.6808 (0.996) | – | −2.5192** (0.005) |
| HEALTHit | 0.845 (0.801) | −0.133 (0.447) | −8.7449** (0.000) | −9.9231** (0.000) |
| EGit | 4.1193 (0.996) | −2.7047** (0.003) | −8.6823** (0.000) | – |
| HDIit | 3.1826 (0.998) | −1.9431** (0.026) | −9.2465** (0.000) | – |
Brackets (.) denote P-value, ** denotes 5 % significance level.