Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Linear regression analysis |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Malaria positive at enrolment (n = 595) | Malaria negative at enrolment (n = 744) | p | ||
| Participant characteristics | |||||
| Age at enrolment, years | 1336 | 21.0 [18, 26] | 20 [19, 27] | 22 [18, 24] | <0.0001 |
| Primigravidae, n (%) | 1336 | 450 (33.7) | 264 (44.4) | 186 (25.1) | <0.0001 |
| Gestational age at enrolment, weeks | 1339 | 21.1 [18.3, 21.9] | 20.1 [18.3, 23.9] | 20.1 [18.1, 23.9] | 0.8725 |
| Height, cm | 1336 | 154 [150, 175] | 153 [150, 156] | 154 [150, 158] | 0.0343 |
| Weight, kg | 1336 | 54.1 [50.0, 59.0] | 53.0 [49.2, 57.8] | 55.0 [50.4, 60.0] | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 1336 | 22.8 [21.2, 24.7] | 22.5 [20.9, 24.3] | 23.0 [21.5, 25.0] | 0.0002 |
| MUAC, cm | 1308 | 24.0 [23.0, 25.7] | 24.0 [23.0, 25.4] | 24.4 [23.0, 37.8] | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure at enrolment, mmHg | 1309 | 111 [105, 119] | 111 [105, 119] | 111 [104, 119] | 0.6590 |
| Diastolic blood pressure at enrolment, mmHg | 1309 | 66.0 [61.0, 72.0] | 66.0 [60.0, 72.0] | 67.0 [61.0, 72.0] | 0.4446 |
| Hemoglobin at enrolment, g/dL | 1326 | 11.2 [10.1, 12.1] | 10.6 [9.60, 11.7] | 11.5 [10.7, 12.4] | <0.0001 |
| Socioeconomic status (tertile) | 1333 | <0.0001 | |||
| 1, n (%) | 449 (33.7) | 227 (38.3) | 222 (30.0) | ||
| 2, n (%) | 449 (33.7) | 243 (41.0) | 243 (32.8) | ||
| 3, n (%) | 435 (32.6) | 160 (27.0) | 275 (37.2) | ||
| Education status (tertile) | 1333 | 0.4415 | |||
| 1 | 387 (29.0) | 167 (28.2) | 220 (29.7) | ||
| 2 | 734 (55.1) | 348 (58.7) | 386 (52.2) | ||
| 3 | 212 (15.9) | 78 (13.2) | 134 (18.1) | ||
| Parent RCT treatment arm, IPTp; n (%) | 1336 | 685 (51.3) | 379 (48.4) | 363 (48.9) | 0.8739 |
| Malaria at enrolment | |||||
| PCR positive, n (%) | 1339 | 595 (44.4) | |||
| Patent (RDT and/or microscopy positive), n (%) | 1339 | 318 (23.7) | |||
| Pregnancy and birth outcomes | |||||
| Gestational age at delivery, weeks | 1339 | 38.6 [37.1, 39.6] | 38.4 [37.0, 39.4] | 38.7 [37.3, 39.7] | 0.0013 |
| Birth weight, g | 1293 | 3000 [2652, 4500] | 2900 [2600, 3100] | 3000 [2700, 3200] | <0.0001 |
| Infant sex (female) | 1336 | 665 (49.8) | 366 (49.4) | 299 (50.4) | 0.7008 |
| APO, n (%) | 1339 | 424 (31.7) | 205 (34.4) | 219 (29.4) | 0.0499 |
| PTB, n (%) | 1312 | 275 (21.0) | 142 (24.2) | 133 (18.3) | 0.0082 |
| LBW, n (%) | 1296 | 132 (10.2) | 75 (13.0) | 57 (7.9) | 0.0024 |
| SGA, n (%) | 1296 | 136 (10.5) | 63 (11.0) | 73 (10.1) | 0.6276 |
| Miscarriage, n (%) | 1339 | 7 (0.5) | 2 (0.3) | 5 (0.7) | 0.3975 |
| Stillbirth, n (%) | 1332 | 20 (1.5) | 8 (1.3) | 12 (1.6) | 0.6823 |
| Arginine pathway at enrolment | (n = 185) | (n = 146) | |||
| L-arginine, umol/L | 331 | 27.0 [20.7, 38.6] | 26.8 [20.8, 35.5] | 27.4 [20.3, 42.8] | 0.2817 |
| ADMA, umol/L | 331 | 0.429 [0.382, 0.480] | 0.447 [0.402, 0.502] | 0.403 [0.360, 0.455] | <0.0001 |
| SDMA, umol/L | 331 | 0.358 [0.318, 0.403] | 0.368 [0.332, 0.419] | 0.345 [0.312, 0.393] | 0.0025 |
| L-arginine/ADMA ratio | 331 | 62.4 [45.6, 87.0] | 58.8 [43.5, 79.1] | 69.9 [49.3, 98.4] | 0.0039 |
Data are presented as medians [interquartile range] or n (%), unless otherwise specified. Comparisons with significant differences (p < 0.05) are bolded.
BMI, body mass index; MUAC, middle upper arm circumference; ADMA asymmetric dimethylarginine; SDMA, symmetric dimethyl arginine; APO, adverse pregnancy outcome; PTB, preterm birth; LBW, low birth weight. (GraphPad, Prism). Percentages reported for bivariate analyses were corrected for missing values in the denominator.