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. 2023 Oct 5;14:1221442. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1221442

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Copyright © 2023 Zhang, Wen, Wan and Luo

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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IVW results of the causal relationship between air pollution, obesity, and COVID-19 risk. (A) IVW results of the causal relationship between air pollution and obesity. (B) IVW results of the causal relationship between air pollution and COVID-19. (C) IVW results of the causal relationship between obesity and COVID-19. The red color means the p-value is less than 0.05.