Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of study participants: Healthy vs. COVID-19 hospital patients.
| Parameter |
Controls |
COVID-19 patients |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subjects | n = 48 |
n = 48 |
|
| mean ± SD | mean ± SD | ||
| Age (years) | 69.4 ± 16.5 | 69.3 ± 16.7 | |
| Sex (females/males) | 23/25 | 23/25 | |
| DNA damage parameters | |||
| Lysis (%) | 1.78 ± 0.54 | 2.03 ± 0.74 | 0.070 |
| Netto FPG (% Tail DNA) | 7.86 ± 2.34 | 9.21 ± 5.11 | 0.106 |
| H2O2 (% Tail DNA) | 11.44 ± 2.82 | 12.44 ± 2.90 | 0.083 |
| Oxidative stress parameters | |||
| FRAP (μmol/L) | 982 ± 228 | 956 ± 256 | 0.374 |
| GSH (μmol/L) | 15.14 ± 2.96 | 14.35 ± 3.73 | 0.061 |
| GSSG (μmol/L) | 10.26 ± 2.58 | 8.17 ± 3.80 | <0.001 |
| GSH/GSSG ratio | 1.57 ± 0.54 | 1.96 ± 0.79 | 0.004 |
| MDA (μmol/L) | 1.55 ± 0.40 | 1.56 ± 0.58 | 0.629 |
| Blood parameters | |||
| Erythrocytes (T/L) | 4.88 ± 1.15 | 4.33 ± 0.69 | 0.005 |
| Leucocytes (G/L) | 6.33 ± 1.60 | 6.71 ± 3.53 | 0.498 |
| Lymphocytes (G/L) | 1.98 ± 0.55 | 1.29 ± 1.28 | <0.001 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 2.00 ± 2.34 | 76.88 ± 72.04 | <0.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 63.00 ± 15.26 | 33.19 ± 11.99 | <0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 144.50 ± 43.61 | 81.56 ± 35.14 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 229.40 ± 46.00 | 136.6 ± 40.22 | <0.001 |
| Blood glucose (mg/dL) | 104.40 ± 26.20 | 128.1 ± 68.76 | 0.029 |
| ALAT (U/L) | 27.44 ± 25.09 | 38.49 ± 35.93 | 0.093 |
| ASAT (U/L) | 26.69 ± 13.83 | 40.88 ± 27.34 | 0.030 |
| UCB (μmol/L) | 3.80 ± 2.81 | 2.63 ± 3.11 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin D serum level (ng/mL) | 22.6 ± 12.5 | 22.4 ± 9.2 | 0.755 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, p-values are calculated using Mann-Whitney U test for measuring gender differences, significant differences are highlighted with bold numbers. Controls and COVID-19 hospital patients are age and sex-matched. FPG: formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase, FRAP: ferric reducing ability potential; GSH:γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine; GSSG: glutathione disulfide; MDA: malondialdehyde; hs-CRP: high sensitivity c-reactive protein; ALAT: alanine-minotransferase; ASAT: aspartate-aminotransferase, UCB: unconjugated bilirubin; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein.