Unique bacterial species in ocular surface of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). A–I, Box plots showing various bacterial species in patients with AD, dupilumab–associated ocular surface disease (DAOSD), and controls. Data are presented in box and whisker plots showing minimum, maximum, and median values; a diminutive (+) indicates mean values, () gray dotted lines indicate the mean value at baseline in AD, and () orange dotted lines indicate the mean value at baseline in DAOSD. N = 3–14. One-way analysis of variance was used for statistical testing. Log10 transformation was performed to the raw values after adding a pseudo count (1). NA = not applicable.