Table 1. Baseline Patient Characteristics.
| Characteristic | Patientsa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall population (N = 1 065 549) | Cohort with CIED infection (n = 11 304) | Standardized difference, % | P value | |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 78.0 (72.0-84.0) | 75.0 (67.0-82.0) | 41.3 | <.001 |
| Age group, y | ||||
| <65 | 79 225 (7.4) | 2380 (21.1) | 42.5 | <.001 |
| 65 to <75 | 290 003 (27.2) | 3112 (27.5) | ||
| 75 to <85 | 439 681 (41.3) | 4021 (35.6) | ||
| ≥85 | 256 640 (24.1) | 1791 (15.8) | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 522 877 (49.1) | 4505 (39.9) | 18.6 | <.001 |
| Male | 542 672 (50.9) | 6799 (60.1) | ||
| Race | ||||
| Black | 80 827 (7.6) | 1773 (15.7) | 27.6 | <.001 |
| White | 929 276 (87.2) | 8722 (77.2) | ||
| Otherb | 55 446 (5.2) | 809 (7.2) | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Dementia | 120 890 (11.3) | 1372 (12.1) | 2.5 | .008 |
| Diabetes | 525 584 (49.3) | 7724 (68.3) | 39.4 | <.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 846 343 (79.4) | 10 280 (90.9) | 32.8 | <.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 508 214 (47.7) | 7359 (65.1) | 35.7 | <.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 691 251 (64.9) | 9826 (86.9) | 53.4 | <.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 489 286 (45.9) | 5913 (52.3) | 12.8 | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 1 030 436 (96.7) | 11 115 (98.3) | 10.4 | <.001 |
| COPD | 585 915 (55.0) | 7989 (70.7) | 32.9 | <.001 |
| Kidney disease | 403 603 (37.9) | 8000 (70.8) | 70.0 | <.001 |
| Stroke or TIA | 315 595 (29.6) | 4053 (35.9) | 13.3 | <.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 356 961 (33.5) | 5302 (46.9) | 27.6 | <.001 |
| Cancer | 225 905 (21.2) | 2822 (25.0) | 8.9 | <.001 |
| Valvular heart disease | 679 327 (63.8) | 9153 (81.0) | 39.2 | <.001 |
| Device type | ||||
| CRTD | 87 552 (8.2) | 1488 (13.2) | 36.6 | <.001 |
| CRTP | 27 143 (2.5) | 243 (2.1) | ||
| Pacemaker | 765 432 (71.8) | 6241 (55.2) | ||
| ICD | 185 422 (17.4) | 3332 (29.5) | ||
| Geographic region | ||||
| Midwest | 264 663 (24.8) | 2695 (23.8) | 3.8 | .006 |
| Northeast | 196 430 (18.4) | 2046 (18.1) | ||
| South | 437 659 (41.1) | 4776 (42.3) | ||
| West or other | 166 797 (15.7) | 1787 (15.8) | ||
| Dual Medicaid eligibility | 237 070 (22.2) | 4147 (36.7) | 32.1 | <.001 |
| Claims-based frailty indicator | 308 558 (29.0) | 4176 (36.9) | 17.0 | <.001 |
| Frailty index score, median (IQR) | 0.2 (0.1-0.3) | 0.2 (0.1-0.3) | 18.1 | <.001 |
Abbreviations: CIED, cardiac implantable electronic device; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRTD, cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator; CRTP, cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
a
Data are presented as the number (percentage) of patients unless otherwise indicated.
b
Included Asian, Hispanic, North American Native, unknown, and other (not broken down further due to small cell sizes and complying with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services cell suppression policy).