Table 3. Association Between CIED Extraction and All-Cause Mortality.
| Parameter | Hazard ratio (95% CI)a | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Extraction within 30 d | ||
| No extraction | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Extraction at 0-6 d, time dependent | 0.69 (0.61-0.78) | <.001 |
| Extraction at 7-30 d, time dependent | 0.88 (0.73-1.04) | .14 |
| Age at infection, per 5 y | 1.08 (1.07-1.10) | <.001 |
| Female sex | 1.10 (1.02-1.18) | .01 |
| Race | ||
| Black | 0.94 (0.86-1.04) | .23 |
| White | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Other | 0.89 (0.78-1.02) | .09 |
| Medicaid dual eligibility | 1.15 (1.06-1.25) | <.001 |
| Geographic region | ||
| South | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Midwest | 0.96 (0.88-1.05) | .36 |
| Northeast | 0.92 (0.84-1.00) | .06 |
| Other | 0.99 (0.39-2.52) | .99 |
| West | 0.85 (0.75-0.95) | .004 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Myocardial infarction | 1.12 (1.04-1.21) | .003 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.27 (1.18-1.37) | <.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0.96 (0.87-1.06) | .44 |
| Dementia | 1.50 (1.36-1.65) | <.001 |
| COPD | 1.25 (1.15-1.36) | <.001 |
| Kidney disease | 1.92 (1.74-2.13) | <.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.50 (1.30-1.73) | <.001 |
| Stroke or TIA | 1.25 (1.13-1.39) | <.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.09 (0.92-1.28) | .32 |
| Diabetes | 1.14 (1.05-1.24) | .002 |
| Hypertension | 0.93 (0.63-1.36) | .70 |
| Valvular heart disease | 1.13 (1.04-1.24) | .007 |
| Cancer | 1.14 (1.05-1.23) | <.001 |
| Device type | ||
| Pacemaker | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| CRTD | 1.06 (0.95-1.18) | .30 |
| CRTP | 0.95 (0.75-1.21) | .69 |
| ICD | 1.14 (1.04-1.24) | .003 |
| Time from device implantation, y | 1.00 (0.99-1.02) | .72 |
| Year of infection, per 1 y | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | .045 |
Abbreviations: CIED, cardiac implantable electronic device; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRTD, cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator; CRTP, cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; NA, not applicable; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
a
The time-dependent indicators of extraction at less than 7 days and extraction at 7 to 30 days were included in the model. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was adjusted for age, sex, race, Medicaid dual eligibility, baseline comorbidities, device type, geographic region, year of device infection, and years since device implantation.