Table 4.
Longitudinal Associations of Pain at Baseline (BL) Predicting Social Outcomes at Follow-up in the Full and Frequent Pain Samples
| Outcome | Sample | Predictor | β | t | p | Adj. R2 | Δ R2 | Model F (df) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Follow-up Loneliness | Full Sample | BL Loneliness | 0.57 | 15.94 | <.001 | .331 | - | - |
| BL Pain Intensity | 0.067 | 1.88 | .061 | .334 | .003 | 138.22 (2, 546) | ||
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| BL Loneliness | 0.56 | 15.90 | <.001 | .331 | - | - | ||
| BL Pain Freq- Cont. | 0.079 | 2.25 | .025 | .336 | .005 | 139.36 (2, 546) | ||
|
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| BL Loneliness | 0.57 | 16.08 | <.001 | .330 | - | - | ||
| BL Pain Freq- Dichot. | 0.032 | 0.91 | .36 | .331 | .001 | 136.20 (2, 546) | ||
|
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| Frequent Pain1 | BL Loneliness | 0.60 | 11.30 | <.001 | .364 | - | - | |
| BL Pain Intensity | 0.053 | 0.99 | .32 | .367 | .003 | 67.48 (2, 229) | ||
|
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| Follow-up Hostility | Full Sample | BL Hostility | 0.34 | 8.60 | <.001 | .126 | - | - |
| BL Pain Intensity | 0.19 | 4.73 | <.001 | .159 | .030 | 52.42 (2, 546) | ||
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| BL Hostility | 0.35 | 8.73 | <.001 | .126 | - | - | ||
| BL Pain Freq- Cont. | 0.093 | 2.32 | .021 | .133 | .007 | 42.70 (2, 546) | ||
|
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| BL Hostility | 0.35 | 8.84 | <.001 | .124 | - | - | ||
| BL Pain Freq- Dichot. | 0.12 | 3.04 | .002 | .139 | .015 | 44.92 (2, 546) | ||
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| Frequent Pain1 | BL Hostility | 0.29 | 4.61 | <.001 | .094 | - | - | |
| BL Pain Intensity | 0.18 | 2.92 | .004 | .123 | .033 | 16.92 (2, 228) | ||
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| Follow-up Soc. Funct. | Full Sample | BL Social Functioning | 0.43 | 10.69 | <.001 | .255 | - | - |
| BL Pain Intensity | -0.20 | -4.93 | <.001 | .285 | .030 | 110.46 (2, 548) | ||
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| BL Social Functioning | 0.43 | 11.35 | <.001 | .255 | - | - | ||
| BL Pain Freq- Cont. | -0.21 | -5.58 | <.001 | .294 | .039 | 115.07 (2, 548) | ||
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| BL Social Functioning | 0.46 | 12.15 | <.001 | .254 | - | - | ||
| BL Pain Freq- Dichot. | -0.17 | -4.45 | <.001 | .280 | .026 | 107.44 (2, 548) | ||
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| Frequent Pain1 | BL Social Functioning | 0.39 | 5.99 | <.001 | .238 | - | - | |
| BL Pain Intensity | -0.22 | -3.35 | .001 | .273 | .035 | 44.27 (2, 230) | ||
Notes: BL loneliness, BL hostility, and BL social functioning were entered in step 1 of all 12 models. Pain intensity or frequency variables were entered in Step 2 to examine the change in adjusted R squared from addition of the pain variable. All 12 models were run separately.
Abbreviations: BL = baseline; Soc. Funct. = social functioning; Freq- Cont. = Pain frequency using the continuous variable; Freq- Dichot. = pain frequency using the dichotomous variable ( 0 = not frequent pain; 1 = frequent pain).
Frequent pain subsample only includes participants who scored “1” on the dichotomous pain frequency variable (i.e., pain “every week,” “several times a week,” or “daily”).