Table 3.
Ethnobotanical data of the 67 plant species recorded from the 86 participants in the five islands from the Society archipelago
| Scientific name | Botanical family | Voucher No | Origin | Tahitian name | Number of persons citing the plant | Type of disorders treated | Parts used | Method of preparation | Method of administration | Number of UR for each disorder treated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achyranthes aspera L. var. aspera | Amaranthaceae | FC560 | Pol | ’āerofai | 3 | Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture), fermentation | Oral | 1 |
| Ranula (salivary cyst) | Leafbud | Crush | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Sprain | Leaf | Crush | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Adenostemma viscosum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst | Asteraceae | FC557 | Ind | vaianu | 6 | Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture), fermentation | Oral | 2 |
| Diarrhea | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Dislocation | Stem | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Fracture | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | ND | 1 | ||||||
| Sinusitis | Stem | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd | Euphorbiaceae | FC535 | Pol | ti'a'iri | 7 | Lower abdominal disorders | Flower/Seed | Crush (in mixture) | Oral/Massage | 2 |
| Skin disorders | Bark/Seed | Crush | Bath/Local application | 2 | ||||||
| Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Seed | Crush (in mixture), fermentation | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Mouth ulcer | Bark | Crush | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Otitis | Flower | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Allium cepa L | Amaryllidaceae | NC | Mod | oignon (French) | 1 | Asthma | Bulb | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 |
| Allium sativum L | Amaryllidaceae | NC | Mod | ail (French) | 1 | Otitis | Bulb | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 |
| Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f | Asphodelaceae | FC540 | Mod | aloé (French) | 4 | COVID-19 | Whole leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 |
| Bruise | Leaf (inner gel) | None | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Eye disorders | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K.Schum | Zingiberaceae | FC547 | Mod | 'ōpuhi | 2 | Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Leaf | Boil | Bath | 2 |
| Annona muricata L | Annonaceae | FC490 | Mod | corossol (French), tōtara | 33 | Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Leaf | Boil (alone or in mixture) | Bath/Bath, local application/Bath, local application, massage/Bath, local application, massage, water spraying/Bath, massage/Bath, massage, oral/Bath, massage, water spraying/Bath, oral/Local application, massage, oral/Massage, water spraying | 33 |
| Chicken pox | Leaf | Boil | Bath/Oral, local application, massage | 2 | ||||||
| Epilepsy | Leaf | Boil | Bath, local application | 1 | ||||||
| Fracture | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Furuncles, abscess and others disorders with pus exudation | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Massage, water spraying | 1 | ||||||
| Nasopharyngitis, cold | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Bath, steam bath | 1 | ||||||
| Skin disorders | Leaf | Boil | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg | Moraceae | FC486 | Pol | ’uru, maiore | 4 | Sprain | Sap | None (alone or in mixture) | Local application | 2 |
| Stomachache | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg | Moraceae | FC551 | Pol | ’uru pae'a | 8 | Fracture | Sap | None (in mixture) | Local application | 2 |
| Lower abdominal disorders | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Asthma | Leafstalk | Crush | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Dyspnea | Leafstalk | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Sinusitis | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral, massage | 1 | ||||||
| Umbilical cord care | Leafbud | Crush | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz | Lecythidaceae | FC503 | Ind | hotu, hutu | 2 | Fracture | Seed | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 |
| Zoster | Seed | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Calophyllum inophyllum L | Calophyllaceae | FC538 | Pol | tāmanu,’ati | 12 | Chicken pox | Leaf | Boil/Crush | Bath | 7 |
| Measles | Leaf | Crush | Bath | 2 | ||||||
| Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Bark | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Furuncles, abscess and others disorders with pus exudation | Leaf | Crush | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Pustular rash | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Skin disorders | Leaf | Crush | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Skin fungal infections | Leaf | Boil | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Capsicum frutescens L | Solanaceae | NC | Mod | ’ōporo | 4 | COVID-19 | Fruit | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 |
| Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Fruit | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Detoxifying agent (puaroto) | Fruit | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Effects of reduced temperature | Fruit | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Fruit | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Carica papaya L | Caricaceae | FC492 | Mod | ’ī'ītā | 1 | Fracture | Fruit (unripe) | Grate | Local application | 1 |
| Casuarina equisetifolia L | Casuarinaceae | FC539 | Ind | ’aito | 2 | Acute rheumatic fever | Leaf | Boil | Oral | 1 |
| Difficulties with micturition | Leaf | Boil | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don | Apocynaceae | FC518 | Mod | pervenche (French) | 1 | Infestation by parasitic worms | Flower | Boil | Oral | 1 |
| Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv | Poaceae | FC565 | Ind | ’ohe'ohe, piripiri mou’a,’ofe'ofe, | 1 | Asthma | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 |
| Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck | Rutaceae | NC | Mod | ’ānani | 2 | Teething | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Bath, massage | 1 |
| Sinusitis | Fruit | Press | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Citrus x aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle | Rutaceae | FC495 | Mod | tāporo | 30 | Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Fruit | Press (in mixture) | Oral | 7 |
| Vaginal and urethral discharge | Fruit | Press (in mixture) | Oral | 6 | ||||||
| Cough | Fruit | Press (in mixture) | Oral | 3 | ||||||
| Lower abdominal disorders | Fruit | Press (in mixture) | Oral | 3 | ||||||
| Menstrual cycle bleeding disorders | Fruit | Press (in mixture) | Oral | 3 | ||||||
| Skin disorders (he'a) | Fruit | Press (in mixture) | Oral | 3 | ||||||
| COVID-19 | Fruit | Press (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Eczema | Fruit | Press (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Fracture | Fruit | Press (in mixture) | Local application | 2 | ||||||
| Diarrhea | Leafbud | Press (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Fever | Fruit | Boil (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Flu | Fruit | Press (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Ranula (salivary cyst) | Fruit | Press (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Fruit | Boil (in mixture) | Oral, Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Urinary incontinence | Fruit | Press (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Cocos nucifera L | Arecaceae | FC487 | Pol | ha'ari | 47 | Sinusitis | Coconut milk/Coconut water | Cook (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture)/Boil | Oral/Oral, massage/Local application | 11 |
| Asthma | Bark/Coconut sprout/Coconut water | Cook (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 6 | ||||||
| Fever | Coconut water | Crush (in mixture)/Fermentation/None | Oral/Oral, local application | 6 | ||||||
| Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Coconut water | Crush (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture), fermentation | Oral | 5 | ||||||
| Lower abdominal disorders | Coconut water | Crush (in mixture)/None | Massage/Oral | 4 | ||||||
| Skin disorders (other) | Coconut milk/Coconut water | Cook (in mixture) | Local application/Oral | 3 | ||||||
| Fracture | Coconut water | Crush (in mixture)/Fermentation | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Furuncles, abscess and others disorders with pus exudation | Coconut milk | Cook (in mixture) | Oral/Local application | 2 | ||||||
| Otitis | Coconut milk/Coconut water | Cook (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Skin disorders (he'a) | Coconut milk/Fruit | Boil/Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Conjunctivitis | Coconut water | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Cough | Coconut water | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Cryptorchidism | Coconut water | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Dislocation | Coconut water | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Effects of reduced temperature | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Steam bath | 1 | ||||||
| Heat rash | Coconut milk | None | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Ranula (salivary cyst) | Coconut water | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Sprain | Coconut water | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Stomachache | Coconut water | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Umbilical cord care | Coconut sprout | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Vaginal and urethral discharge | Coconut water | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Zoster | Coconut milk | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A.Juss | Euphorbiaceae | FC561 | Mod | croton | 4 | Fracture | Leaf | Boil | Bath | 4 |
| Coffea arabica L | Rubiaceae | NC | Mod | taofe, caféier (French) | 2 | Effects of reduced temperature | Leaf | Boil | Bath/Steam bath | 2 |
| Coleus amboinicus Lour | Lamiaceae | FC562 | Mod | niauri | 4 | Cough | Leaf | Boil | Bath, massage | 1 |
| Nasopharyngitis, cold | Leaf | Boil | Bath, steam bath | 1 | ||||||
| Otitis | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Smell | 1 | ||||||
| Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Leaf | Boil | Bath, steam bath | 1 | ||||||
| Sinusitis | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Smell | 1 | ||||||
| Wound, cut, burn | Leaf | Crush | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Coleus barbatus (Andrews) Benth. ex G.Don | Lamiaceae | FC516 | Mod | plante doliprane/sauge doliprane | 1 | Fever | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 |
| Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth | Lamiaceae | FC534 | Mod | terevete | 8 | Fracture | Leaf | Boil/Crush (in mixture)/Heat (in mixture) | Bath/Local application | 5 |
| Sprain | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 3 | ||||||
| Furuncles, abscess and others disorders with pus exudation | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott | Araceae | FC524 | Pol | taro | 1 | Fracture | Leafbud | Heat (in mixture) | Local application | 1 |
| Cordia subcordata Lam | Boraginaceae | FC504 | Ind | tou | 21 | Skin disorders (he'a) | Leaf | Boil/Crush (in mixture) | Bath/Oral/Oral, local application | 5 |
| Asthma | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 3 | ||||||
| Cough | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Bronchitis, productive cough | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Conjunctivitis | Leaf | Crush | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Bark, leaf | Crush (in mixture), fermentation | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Fracture | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Furuncles, abscess and others disorders with pus exudation | Bark | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Heat rash | Leaf | Crush | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Indigestion | Leaf | Crush | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Menstrual cycle bleeding disorders | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Sinusitis | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Skin lesions | Leaf | Crush | Bath, Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Vaginal and urethral discharge | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A.Chev | Asparagaceae | FC484 | Pol | ’autī | 25 | Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Leaf | Boil/Boil (in mixture)/Rub in hot water | Bath, local application, massage, water spraying/Bath, massage/Bath/Oral, bath/Oral, massage, water spraying | 6 |
| Teething | Leaf | Boil/Crush, heat/Rub | Bath/Bath, local application/Bath, massage | 4 | ||||||
| Lower abdominal disorders | Leaf/Leafbud | Boil/Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 3 | ||||||
| Sinusitis | Leaf/Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral/Oral, massage | 3 | ||||||
| Colic | Leafbud | None | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Epilepsy | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Fever | Leaf | Rub in water | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Fever, muscle soreness | Leaf | None | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Otitis | Leaf | ND | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Sprain | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Ranula (salivary cyst) | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Umbilical cord care | Leafbud | Crush, press | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Zoster | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Curcuma longa L | Zingiberaceae | FC522 | Pol | re'a tahiti | 29 | Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Rhizome | Crush/Crush (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture), fermentation | Oral/Local application | 9 |
| Vaginal and urethral discharge | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 8 | ||||||
| COVID-19 | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Eczema | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Skin disorders (he'a) | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Cough | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Detoxifying agent (pu'a roto) | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Effects of reduced temperature | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Flu | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Heat rash | Rhizome | Crush | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Lower abdominal disorders | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Menstrual cycle bleeding disorders | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Stomachache | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Urinary incontinence | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Urinary tract infection | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Vaginal prurit | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Wound, cut, burn | Rhizome | Crush | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Cyperus javanicus Houtt | Cyperaceae | FC537 | Ind | mō’u | 6 | Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Inflorescence stem | Boil/Boil (in mixture) | Bath/Oral, bath | 4 |
| Fracture | ND | Boil (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Sinusitis | Inflorescence | Heat (in mixture) | Oral, massage | 1 | ||||||
| Cyperus mindorensis (Steud.) Huygh | Cyperaceae | FC566 | Pol | mō’u upo’o | 1 | Asthma | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 |
| Davallia solida (G.Forst.) Sw. var. solida | Davalliaceae | FC555 | Ind | ti'ati'amou'a, titi | 10 | Fracture | Rhizome | Boil (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture) | Bath/Local application/Oral | 4 |
| Asthma | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Stomachache | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Cough | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Effects of reduced temperature | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Steam bath | 1 | ||||||
| Sinusitis | Rhizome | Press | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Teething | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Dichrocephala integrifolia (L.f.) Kuntze | Asteraceae | NC | Pol | ta'ata'ahiara | 5 | Cryptorchidism | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 |
| Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture), fermentation | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Dislocation | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Lower abdominal disorders | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Umbilical cord care | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Euphorbia hirta L | Euphorbiaceae | FC502 | Mod | ‘ea’ea | 1 | Bronchitis, productive cough | Leaf | Chew | Oral | 1 |
| Ficus prolixa G.Forst | Moraceae | FC563 | Ind | ’ōrā | 3 | Pustular rash | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Bath | 1 |
| Skin disorders (he'a) | Leaf | Boil | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Sinusitis | ND | Crush (in mixture) | ND | 1 | ||||||
| Ficus tinctoria G.Forst | Moraceae | FC554 | Pol | mati | 7 | Skin disorders (he'a) | Fig (sap) | Crush (in mixture) | Oral/Oral, local application | 3 |
| Eczema | Fig | Boil | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Furuncles, abscess and others disorders with pus exudation | Fig (sap) | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Menstrual cycle bleeding disorders | Fig (sap) | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Fig (sap) | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Gardenia taitensis DC | Rubiaceae | FC493 | Pol | tiare tahiti | 40 | Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Leaf/Flowerbud | Boil (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture) | Bath/Bath, local application, massage/Bath, massage/Bath, massage, oral/Bath, massage, oral, water, spraying/Bath, oral/Local application/Massage, water spraying/Oral/Oral, local application, massage/Smell | 28 |
| Asthma | Flower/Flowerbud | Boil (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 3 | ||||||
| Cough | Flowerbud/Leaf | Boil (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 3 | ||||||
| Fracture | Flowerbud/Leaf | Boil (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture) | Bath/Oral | 3 | ||||||
| Umbilical cord care | Flowerbud/Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral/Oral, bath, water spraying/Oral, local application | 3 | ||||||
| Filariasis | Flowerbud | Boil/Crush (in mixture) | Local application/Oral, local application | 2 | ||||||
| Lower abdominal disorders | Flowerbud | Crush (in mixture) | Bath | 2 | ||||||
| Sinusitis | Leaf | Boil (in mixture)/Crush | Bath, massage/Smell | 2 | ||||||
| Skin disorders (he'a) | Flowerbud/Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Teething | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Bath/Oral, local application | 2 | ||||||
| Bronchitis, productive cough | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Dyspnea | Flowerbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Eczema | Flowerbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Furuncles, abscess and others disorders with pus exudation | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Massage, water spraying | 1 | ||||||
| Otitis | Flower | Crush (in mixture) | Massage, water spraying | 1 | ||||||
| Scrotal swelling | Flowerbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Stomachache | Flowerbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Heliotropium arboreum (Blanco) Mabb | Boraginaceae | FC521 | Ind | tāhinu | 14 | Teething | Leaf/Leafbud | Crush | Local application/Oral | 6 |
| Ranula (salivary cyst) | Leafbud | Crush | Oral | 5 | ||||||
| Cough | Leaf/Leafbud | Crush | Gargling/Oral | 3 | ||||||
| Tonsillitis, sore throat | Leaf/Leafbud | Crush | Gargling/Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Sinusitis | Leafbud | Crush | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Skin disorders (he'a) | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Wound, cut, burn | Leafbud | Crush | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Hibiscus x archeri W.Watson | Malvaceae | FC514 | Mod | ’aute | 2 | Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Leaf | Boil | Bath, massage/Bath, massage, oral | 2 |
| Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. “Carnation” | Malvaceae | FC531 | Mod | 'aute 'ū'umu | 33 | Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Flower/Leaf | Boil/Boil (in mixture) | Bath/Bath, local application/Bath, massage/Bath, massage, oral/Bath, massage, oral, water spraying/Bath, oral/Local application, massage, oral/Massage, water spraying/Steam bath | 29 |
| Teething | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Bath/Bath, oral, water spraying | 2 | ||||||
| Fever | Flower | Boil (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Furuncles, abscess and others disorders with pus exudation | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Massage, water spraying | 1 | ||||||
| Menstrual cycle bleeding disorders | Flower | Boil (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Nasopharyngitis, cold | Leaf | Boil | Steam bath | 1 | ||||||
| Scrotal swelling | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Hibiscus tiliaceus L | Malvaceae | FC509 | Ind | pūrau | 7 | Chicken pox | Flower | Boil | Bath | 2 |
| Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Bark, leafbud | Crush, fermentation | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Sinusitis | Bark | Cook (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Skin disorders (not specified) | Flower | Boil | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Skin infections (due to mosquito bites) | Flower | Boil | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Sprain | Root | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Inocarpus fagifer (Parkinson) Fosberg | Fabaceae | FC523 | Pol | māpē | 2 | Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Bath, massage | 2 |
| Leucas decemdentata (Willd.) Sm | Lamiaceae | FC549 | Pol | niu | 8 | Sinusitis | Aerial part/Stem/Whole plant | Crush (in mixture)/Crush and heat (in mixture) | Oral/Oral, massage | 3 |
| Cryptorchidism | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Whole plant | Crush, fermentation (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Dislocation | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Fracture | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | ND | 1 | ||||||
| Furuncles, abscess and others disorders with pus exudation | Aerial part | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Macropiper latifolium (L.f.) Miq | Piperaceae | FC559 | Ind | ’ava'ava raro | 1 | Epilepsy | Leaf | Boil | Bath | 1 |
| Mangifera indica L | Anacardiaceae | FC500 | Mod | vī popa'ā 'ōhure pi'o | 1 | Fever | Fruit (unripe) | Grate | Local application, oral | 1 |
| Mentha sp. | Lamiaceae | NC | Mod | ’ōtime | 4 | Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Leaf/Whole plant | Boil/Boil (in mixture) | Bath/Bath, oral | 2 |
| Sinusitis | Aerial part/Leaf | Crush/Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Microsorum grossum (Langsd. & Fisch.) S.B.Andrews | Polypodiaceae | FC505 | Ind | metuapua'a | 24 | Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Leaf/Rhizome | Boil/Boil (in mixture) | Bath/Bath, massage, water spraying/Local application/Oral | 11 |
| Fracture | Leaf | Boil (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture) | Bath/Local application/Oral | 5 | ||||||
| Sinusitis | Rhizome | In mixture | ND | 2 | ||||||
| Stomachache | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Teething | Leaf/Rhizome | Boil (in mixture) | Bath, local application/Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Asthma | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Effects of reduced temperature | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Steam bath | 1 | ||||||
| Epilepsy | Rhizome | Boil (in mixture) | Bath, local application | 1 | ||||||
| Ranula (salivary cyst) | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Skin disorders (he'a) | Leaf | Boil | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Morinda citrifolia L | Rubiaceae | FC488 | Ind | noni, nono | 14 | Ranula (salivary cyst) | Fruit (ripe)/Fruit (unripe)/Fruit (ripe), Fruit (unripe) | Crush/None | Local application/Oral | 4 |
| COVID-19 | Fruit (ripe) | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 3 | ||||||
| Detoxifying agent (puaroto) | Fruit (ripe)/Fruit (ripe), Fruit (unripe) | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 3 | ||||||
| Otitis | Fruit (ripe)/Fruit (unripe) | Crush (in mixture) | Local application/Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Fruit (ripe)/Leaf | Boil (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture) | Bath/Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Effects of reduced temperature | Fruit (ripe) | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Furuncles, abscess and others disorders with pus exudation | Leaf | Crush | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Headache | Leaf | Boil | Bath, steam bath | 1 | ||||||
| Rectal prolapse | Leaf | Crush | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Skin disorders (due to mosquito bite) | Root | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Moringa oleifera Lam | Moringaceae | NC | Mod | moringa | 1 | Fever | Flower, leaf | Crush | Oral | 1 |
| Musa x paradisiaca L | Musaceae | FC491 | Mod | mei'a | 2 | Filariasis | Flower/Stem | Crush | Local application | 1 |
| Sprain | Fruit (immature) | None | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Ocimum basilicum L | Lamiaceae | FC543 | Mod | miri | 5 | Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Aerial part/Leaf | Boil | Bath/Bath, oral | 3 |
| Effects of reduced temperature | Aerial part | Boil | Steam bath | 2 | ||||||
| Oxalis corniculata L | Oxalidaceae | FC517 | Pol | pātoa 'ava 'ava | 2 | Cough | Whole plant | Crush | Oral | 1 |
| Fever | Whole plant | Crush | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Pandanus tectorius var. laevis Warb | Pandanaceae | FC564 | Pol | pae'ore | 1 | Skin disorders (he'a) | Shoot | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 |
| Paspalum vaginatum Sw | Poaceae | FC553 | Ind | matie tātahi | 4 | Asthma | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 |
| Cough | Aerial part | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Effects of reduced temperature | Aerial part | Boil | Steam bath | 1 | ||||||
| Filariasis | Aerial part | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M.Gómez | Polygonaceae | FC541 | Ind | tamore, pītorea | 9 | Umbilical cord care | Aerial part/Leafbud/Stem/Stembud, leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral/Local application, oral | 4 |
| Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture), fermentation | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Lower abdominal disorders | Leaf/Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Sprain | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb.* | Phyllanthaceae | FC532 | Mod | moemoe | 7 | Furuncles, abscess and others disorders with pus exudation | Aerial part/Whole plant | Boil/Boil (in mixture) | Bath/Bath, massage, water spraying/Massage, water spraying | 3 |
| Otitis | Leaf/Whole plant | Crush (in mixture)/Heat/Heat (in mixture) | Local application | 3 | ||||||
| Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Whole plant | Boil | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Physalis angulata L | Solanaceae | FC499 | Pol | tāmaru ha'ari | 1 | Sinusitis | Leaf | Heat (in mixture) | Oral | 1 |
| Premna serratifolia L | Lamiaceae | FC548 | Ind | ’āvaro | 1 | Pain | Leaf | Boil | Bath | 1 |
| Psidium guajava L | Myrtaceae | FC567 | Mod | tuava, tuvava | 13 | Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Fruit/Leaf/Leafbud | Boil/Boil (in mixture) | Bath/Bath, massage, oral/Oral | 4 |
| Ranula (salivary cyst) | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Local application/Oral | 3 | ||||||
| Asthma | Fruit | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Bark, leafbud | Crush (in mixture), fermentation | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Diarrhea | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Fever | Leafbud | Boil (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Furuncles, abscess and others disorders with pus exudation | Leafbud | Chew/Crush | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Menstrual cycle bleeding disorders | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Mouth ulcer | Fruit | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Otitis | Fruit (ripe) | Crush (in mixture) | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Scrotal swelling | Leaf | Boil (in mixture) | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Rorippa sarmentosa (Sol. ex G.Forst. ex DC.) J.F.Macbr | Brassicaceae | FC530 | Ind | pātoa pūrahi, moahau'a'ino | 15 | Ranula (salivary cyst) | Leaf/Whole plant | Crush/Crush (in mixture) | Local application/Oral | 8 |
| Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture), fermentation | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Tonsillitis, sore throat | Leaf/Whole plant | Crush/Crush (in mixture) | Gargling/Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Asthma | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Cryptorchidism | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Vaginal and urethral discharge | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Yellow lip | Whole plant | Crush | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Rosa sp. | Rosaceae | FC550 | Mod | rōti 'ute'ute | 7 | Sinusitis | Flower | Crush with brown sugar | Local application/Local application, oral/Oral/Smell | 7 |
| Saccharum officinarum L | Poaceae | FC520 | Pol | tō | 33 | Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Leaf/Leafbud/Stem | Boil (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture) | Bath/Bath, massage/Bath, massage, local application/Bath, massage, oral/Bath, massage, oral, water spraying/Bath, oral/Local application, massage, oral/Local application, oral/Massage, water spraying | 19 |
| Sinusitis | Stem | Crush (in mixture)/Heat/Heat (in mixture) | Oral | 7 | ||||||
| Lower abdominal disorders | Stem | Crush/Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 6 | ||||||
| Skin disorders (he'a) | Stem | Boil (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture) | Oral/Local application, oral | 5 | ||||||
| Umbilical cord care | Stem | Crush (in mixture) | Oral/Local application, oral | 4 | ||||||
| Cough | Stem | Boil (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Stem | Crush (in mixture)/Crush (in mixture), fermentation | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Teething | Stem | Crush/Crush (in mixture) | Bath, oral, water spraying/Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Bronchitis, productive cough | Stem | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Epilepsy | Stem | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Fever | Stem | Crush | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Flu | Stem | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Furuncles, abscess and others disorders with pus exudation | Leafbud | Boil (in mixture) | Massage, water spraying | 1 | ||||||
| Otitis | Stem | Crush (in mixture) | Local application, oral | 1 | ||||||
| Vaginal and urethral discharge | Stem | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Spondias dulcis L | Anacardiaceae | FC501 | Pol | vī tahiti | 23 | Cough | Fruit (unripe)/Leaf | Boil ( in mixture)/Crush/Crush (in mixture) | Bath, massage/Bath, oral/Gargling/Oral | 12 |
| Tonsillitis, sore throat | Fruit (unripe)/Leaf | Boil (in mixture)/Crush | Bath, massage/Gargling/Gargling, oral/Oral | 7 | ||||||
| Ranula (salivary cyst) | Fruit (unripe) | Crush/Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 4 | ||||||
| Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Fruit/Leaf | Boil (in mixture)/Crush | Bath, massage/Bath, oral/Oral | 3 | ||||||
| Asthma | Fruit | Crush | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Furuncles, abscess and others disorders with pus exudation | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry | Myrtaceae | FC529 | Pol | ’ahi'a | 18 | Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Leaf/Leaf, Leaf with gall | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 6 |
| Vaginal and urethral discharge | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 5 | ||||||
| Skin disorders (he'a) | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Asthma | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Eczema | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Flu | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Menstrual cycle bleeding disorders | Leaf | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Mouth ulcer | Leaf | Crush | Gargling | 1 | ||||||
| Urinary incontinence | Leaf with gall | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Vaginal prurit | Leaf with gall | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Terminalia catappa L | Combretaceae | FC558 | Mod | ’autara'a | 2 | Acute blistering skin eruption | Leaf | Boil | Bath | 1 |
| Filariasis | Leafbud | Crush (in mixture) | Bath, massage, oral | 1 | ||||||
| Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corrêa | Malvaceae | FC508 | Ind | miro | 15 | Fever | Fruit/Fruit (sap)/Fruit (unripe) | Crush (in mixture)/Cut and mix with water | Bath/Bath, local application/Oral/Oral, local application | 4 |
| Furuncles, abscess and others disorders with pus exudation | Fruit | Boil/Crush (in mixture) | Bath/Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Heat rash | Fruit (sap) | Cut and mix with water | Bath | 2 | ||||||
| Chicken pox | Fruit (sap) | Cut and mix with water | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Detoxifying agent (puaroto) | Fruit | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Eczema | Fruit (sap) | Cut and mix with water | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Eye disorders | Fruit (sap) | Cut and mix with water | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Fracture | Fruit | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Headache | Fruit (sap) | Cut and mix with water | Local application | 1 | ||||||
| Skin disorders (he'a) | Bark | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Skin disorders (due to mosquito bite) | Fruit (sap) | Cut and mix with water | Bath | 1 | ||||||
| Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl | Linderniaceae | FC542 | Pol | ha'eha'a, piriate | 7 | Lower abdominal disorders | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 |
| Sinusitis | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Diarrhea | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Fracture | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture) | ND | 1 | ||||||
| Restlessness, irritability, jerk | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Vaginal prurit | Whole plant | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Zingiberaceae | FC499 | Mod | re'a tinitō | 5 | COVID-19 | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 3 |
| Detoxifying agent (he'a) | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Detoxifying agent (puaroto) | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 | ||||||
| Otitis | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture)/Heat, and crush (in mixture) | Oral | 2 | ||||||
| Vaginal and urethral discharge | Rhizome | Crush (in mixture) | Oral | 1 |
A slash (“/”) corresponds to the term “or”; a comma (“,”) correspond to the term “and”; Ind. = Indigenous; Mod. = Modern introduction; NC = Not Collected; ND = Not documented; Pol. = Polynesian introduction
*The plant called “moemoe” in Tahitian includes different species such as Phyllanthus amarus, P. tenellus, P. virgatus, and P. urinaria. In our study, we only collected P. tenellus