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. 2023 Oct 18;23:998. doi: 10.1186/s12885-023-11487-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Unsupervised analysis of the methylation levels in the 118 tissue samples investigated. (A) Multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot of the samples (cADNs n = 41, SSLs n = 18 and matched NM (n = 59) based on DNA methylation levels in the 100 most variable DMRs. Per-DMR (averaged) methylation levels were subjected to asin/arcsin transformation. (B) Heatmap visualization of mean methylation levels averaged across all CpG sites of each of the 1096 genomic regions analyzed in each tissue sample (numerically coded and prefixed with “A” for cADN or “S” for SSL). In both lesion types, methylation levels at the 990 candidate biomarker DMRs were generally higher than those in their matched NM samples. In contrast, the preCRC and NM methylation profiles for the negative-control and aging-specific DMRs were similar. Column Mean: Mean methylation level per sample (averaged across CpG sites of the 990 candidate biomarker DMRs). White blocks: genomic regions not covered by any reads in the A24 cADN tissue sample