Table 3.
Characteristics of study population by COVID-19 and followed up for mortality status until 31st May 2021
|
COVID-19 Positive n (%) |
COVID-19 Negative n (%) |
Total n (%) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Level | Alive | Dead | Alive | Dead | |
| Total | 7,711 (7.8) | 5,289 (5.4) | 56,211 (57.1) | 29,154 (29.6) | 98,365 | |
| Time from hip fracture to COVID-19 infection (days) | Mean (SD) | 279.3 (238.3) | 204.7 (204.7) | n/a | n/a | 249.0 (228.2) |
| Age group (years) | 60 to 69 | 514 (6.7) | 149 (2.8) | 6,403 (11.4) | 1,155 (4.0) | 8,221 (8.4) |
| 70 to 79 | 1,667 (21.6) | 876 (16.6) | 16,311 (29.0) | 4,498 (15.4) | 23,352 (23.7) | |
| 80 to 89 | 3,742 (48.5) | 2,568 (48.6) | 24,547 (43.7) | 13,384 (45.9) | 44,241 (45.0) | |
| 90 + | 1,788 (23.2) | 1,696 (32.1) | 8,950 (15.9) | 10,117 (34.7) | 22,551 (22.9) | |
| Sex | Female | 5,787 (75.0) | 3,144 (59.4) | 41,698 (74.2) | 18,156 (62.3) | 68,785 (69.9) |
| Male | 1,924 (25.0) | 2,145 (40.6) | 14,513 (25.8) | 10,998 (37.7) | 29,580 (30.1) | |
| Residencea | Own home/sheltered housing | 5,305 (68.8) | 3,358 (63.5) | 50,401 (89.7) | 19,019 (65.2) | 78,083 (79.4) |
| Residential care | 1,327 (17.2) | 970 (18.3) | 3,007 (5.3) | 4,985 (17.1) | 10,289 (10.5) | |
| Nursing care | 816 (10.6) | 681 (12.9) | 1,776 (3.2) | 3,506 (12.0) | 6,779 (6.9) | |
| Hospital inpatient | 263 (3.4) | 280 (5.3) | 1,027 (1.8) | 1,644 (5.6) | 3,214 (3.3) | |
| Mobilitya | Freely mobile without aids | 2,253 (29.2) | 1,100 (20.8) | 26,815 (47.7) | 6,145 (21.1) | 36,313 (36.9) |
| Mobile outdoors with one or more aids or a frame | 2,961 (38.4) | 2,174 (41.1) | 19,970 (35.5) | 11,304 (38.8) | 36,409 (37.0) | |
| Never goes outside without help or no functional mobility | 2,397 (31.1) | 1,939 (36.7) | 9,089 (16.2) | 11,252 (38.6) | 24,677 (25.1) | |
| Not recorded | 100 (1.3) | 76 (1.4) | 337 (0.6) | 453 (1.6) | 966 (1.0) | |
| Nutritiona | Normal nutrition | 5,488 (71.2) | 3,567 (67.4) | 44,028 (78.3) | 18,223 (62.5) | 71,306 (72.5) |
| At risk of malnutrition | 1,522 (19.7) | 1,141 (21.6) | 8,155 (14.5) | 6,869 (23.6) | 17,687 (18.0) | |
| Malnourished | 498 (6.5) | 429 (8.1) | 2,854 (5.1) | 3,132 (10.7) | 6,913 (7.0) | |
| Not recorded | 203 (2.6) | 152 (2.9) | 1,174 (2.1) | 930 (3.2) | 2,459 (2.5) | |
| Hospital Frailty Risk Score group | Low risk (< 5) | 496 (6.4) | 169 (3.2) | 9,569 (17.0) | 1,252 (4.3) | 11,486 (11.7) |
| Intermediate risk (5–15) | 2,888 (37.5) | 1,686 (31.9) | 29,213 (52.0) | 9,498 (32.6) | 43,285 (44.0) | |
| High risk (> 15) | 4,327 (56.1) | 3,434 (64.9) | 17,429 (31.0) | 18,404 (63.1) | 43,594 (44.3) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | Yes | 3,526 (45.7) | 3,054 (57.7) | 19,646 (35.0) | 16,589 (56.9) | 42,815 (43.5) |
| Malignancy | Yes | 690 (8.9) | 791 (15.0) | 5,039 (9.0) | 5,792 (19.9) | 12,312 (12.5) |
| Dementia | Yes | 3,236 (42.0) | 2,458 (46.5) | 9,903 (17.6) | 13,283 (45.6) | 28,880 (29.4) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | Yes | 2,287 (29.7) | 1,714 (32.4) | 14,932 (26.6) | 10,024 (34.4) | 28,957 (29.4) |
| Liver disease | Yes | 271 (3.5) | 218 (4.1) | 1,794 (3.2) | 1,293 (4.4) | 3,576 (3.6) |
| Diabetes (Type 1 & 2) | Yes | 1,642 (21.3) | 1,298 (24.5) | 10,222 (18.2) | 6,377 (21.9) | 19,539 (19.9) |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | Yes | 265 (3.4) | 185 (3.5) | 1,562 (2.8) | 944 (3.2) | 2,956 (3.0) |
| Renal disease | Yes | 2,003 (26.0) | 1,861 (35.2) | 10,930 (19.4) | 9,948 (34.1) | 24,742 (25.2) |
a At time of presentation with hip fracture. Source: OHID, using data from National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD), Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and Office for National Statistics (ONS), England. Copyright © 2022, Re-used with the permission of NHS Digital. All rights reserved