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. 2023 Oct 19;23:521. doi: 10.1186/s12887-023-04335-0

Table 4.

Odds of having developmental delay among children aged 1- < 6 years according to parental characteristics

Socio-demographic parameters
n  = 21,316
Gross Motor
(GM)
N (%)
412 (1.9)
Fine Motor -adaptive (FMA)
N (%)
435 (2)
Language
(L)
N (%)
904 (4.2)
Personal-Social (PS)
N (%)
681 (3.2)
Children with at least one delay
N (%)
1365 (6.4)
Mother’s Education
 1. Illiterate/ below high school (n = 8150) 204 (2.5) 200 (2.5) 380 (4.7) 291 (3.6) 579 (7.1)
 2.High School (n = 9432) 151 (1.6) 183 (1.9) 391 (4.1) 294 (3.1) 593 (6.3)
 3.University or higher (n = 3622) 50 (1.4) 46 (1.3) 122 (3.4) 89 (2.5) 181 (5)

  COR 2 vs. 3

  CI

1.54

(1.11–1.97) *

1.23

(0.97–1.63)

1.19

(0.81–1.74)

1.28

(1.00–1.62) *

1.28

(1.08–1.51) **

  COR 2 vs. 1

  CI

0.79

(0.64–0.96) *

.92

(0.77–1.10)

0.69

(0.54–0.89) *

0.87

(0.74–1.02)

0.88

(0.78–0.99) *

  COR 3 vs. 1

  CI

0.51

(0.37–0.71) **

0.73

(0.56–0.95) *

0.58

(0.40–0.85) **

0.68

(0.53–0.87) **

0.69

(0.58–0.82) **

Father’s Education
 1.Illiterate/ below high school (n = 7129) 192 (2.7) 195 (2.7) 361 (5.1) 273 (3.8) 538 (7.6)
 2.High School (n = 9867) 165 (1.7) 174 (1.8) 394 (4) 301 (3.1) 613 (6.2)
 3.University or higher (n = 3449) 39 (1.1) 42 (1.2) 99 (2.9) 73 (2.1) 152 (4.4)

  COR 2 vs. 3

  CI

1.49

(1.05–2.11) *

1.46

(1.04–2.04) *

1.41

(1.13–1.76) *

1.46

(1.12–1.88) **

1.44

(1.20–1.72) **

  COR 2 vs. 1

  CI

0.61

(0.50–0.76) *

0.64

(0.52–0.79) *

0.78

(0.67–0.90) *

0.79

(0.67–0.93) **

0.81

(0.72–0.92) **

  COR 3 vs. 1

  CI

0.41

(0.29–0.58) **

0.44

(0.31–0.61)**

0.55

(0.44–0.70) *

0.54

(0.42–0.71) **

0.57

(0.47–0.68) **

Mother’ s work
 1. Employed (n = 2976) 47 (1.6) 58 (1.9) 134 (4.5) 87 (2.9) 186 (6.3)
 2. unemployed (n = 18,225) 357 (2) 371 (2) 759 (4.2) 587 (3.2) 1167 (6.4)

  COR 2 vs. 1

  CI

1.25

(0.92–1.69)

1.05

(0.79–1.38)

.922

(0.76–1.11)

.48

(0.22–1.05)

1.03

(0.88–1.20)

* p-value significant at < 0.05

** p-value highly sig at < 0.01