Table C.

Risk-Enhancing Factors

Family history of premature ASCVD (men, age < 55 y; women, age < 65 y)

Primary hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C, 160–189 mg/dL [4.1–4.8 mmol/L]); non-HDL-C 190–219 mg/dL [4.9–5.6 mmol/L])

Metabolic syndrome (increased waist circumference, elevated triglycerides [> 175 mg/dL], elevated blood pressure, elevated glucose, and low HDL-C [< 40 mg/dL in men; < 50 mg/dL in women] are factors; tally of 3 makes the diagnosis)

Chronic kidney disease (eGFR 15–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 with or without albuminuria; not treated with dialysis or kidney transplantation)

Chronic inflammatory conditions such as psoriasis, RA, lupus, or HIV/AIDS

History of premature menopause (before age 40 y) and history of pregnancy-associated conditions that increase later ASCVD risk such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes

Noncoronary vascular disease (eg, ABI < 0.9)

High-risk races/ethnicities (eg, South Asian ancestry)

Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (≥ 2.0 mg/L)

Elevated Lp(a): ≥ 50 mg/dL or ≥ 125 nmol/L

Elevated apoB ≥ 130 mg/dL

Persistently elevated, primary hypertriglyceridemia (≥ 175 mg/dL)

Coronary calcifications on prior imaging (chest x-ray, chest CT)

Prior chest radiation

Chemotherapy with vasotoxicity potential

ABI = ankle-brachial index; apoB = apolipoprotein B; ASCVD = atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CT = computed tomography; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp(a) = lipoprotein a; RA = rheumatoid arthritis