Table 2.
Factors associated with stunting among boys and girls in children 0–59 months, EDHS 2000–2016
| Variables | Boys (n = 17,078) | Girls (n = 16,486) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stunting proportion (%) | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | p-value | Stunting proportion (%) | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | p-value | |
| Child factors | ||||||
| Age (months) | ||||||
| < 6 | 16.98 | 0.15 (0.13–0.17) | p < 0.001 | 14.21 | 0.13 (0.11–0.15) | p < 0.001 |
| 6–11 | 29.88 | 0.29 (0.26–0.33) | p < 0.001 | 22.07 | 0.22 (0.19–0.25) | p < 0.001 |
| 12–23 | 52.30 | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 0.147 | 44.84 | 0.71 (0.65–0.78) | p < 0.001 |
| 24–35 | 60.99 | 1.26 (1.15–1.37) | p < 0.001 | 57.53 | 1.23 (1.12–1.34) | p < 0.001 |
| 36–59 | 54.67 | Ref. | 53.98 | Ref. | ||
| Birth order | ||||||
| Firstborn | 47.44 | 0.76 (0.69–0.83) | p < 0.001 | 41.62 | 0.72 (0.65–0.79) | p < 0.001 |
| 2–4 | 48.52 | 0.84 (0.78–0.91) | p < 0.001 | 44.77 | 0.86 (0.79–0.92) | p < 0.001 |
| 5 or higher | 50.69 | Ref. | 47.73 | Ref. | ||
| Birth interval | ||||||
| < 33 months | 48.44 | Ref. | 44.21 | Ref. | ||
| ≥ 33 months | 50.79 | 1.14 (1.06–1.22) | p < 0.001 | 48.00 | 1.18 (1.09–1.27) | p < 0.001 |
| Size of a child at birth | ||||||
| Larger | 44.87 | Ref. | 41.37 | Ref. | ||
| Average | 48.27 | 1.14 (1.06–1.23) | p < 0.001 | 43.39 | 1.09 (1.01–1.19) | 0.039 |
| Small | 56.78 | 1.54 (1.41–1.67) | p < 0.001 | 50.76 | 1.45 (1.33–1.58) | p < 0.001 |
| Currently breastfeeding | ||||||
| Yes | 50.72 | Ref. | 47.40 | Ref. | ||
| No | 48.63 | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) | p < 0.001 | 44.67 | 1.18 (1.09–1.27) | p < 0.001 |
| Early initiation of breastfeeding | ||||||
| Yes | 47.22 | Ref. | 42.67 | Ref. | ||
| No | 50.94 | 1.15 (1.07–1.24) | p < 0.001 | 48.05 | 1.14 (1.05–1.23) | 0.001 |
| Full vaccination | ||||||
| Yes | 52.08 | Ref. | 47.33 | Ref. | ||
| No | 48.67 | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) | 0.101 | 45.08 | 0.93 (0.86–1.02) | 0.123 |
| Diarrhea | ||||||
| Yes | 53.52 | 1.30 (1.19–1.42) | p < 0.001 | 49.84 | 1.19 (1.09–1.30) | p < 0.001 |
| No | 48.27 | Ref. | 44.51 | Ref. | ||
| Fever | ||||||
| Yes | 51.78 | 1.19 (1.10–1.29) | p < 0.001 | 47.48 | 1.19 (1.10–1.29) | p < 0.001 |
| No | 48.52 | Ref. | 44.82 | Ref. | ||
| Parental factors | ||||||
| Mother's age | ||||||
| < 18 | 45.75 | 0.67 (0.45–0.99) | 0.049 | 38.37 | 0.49 (0.34–0.73) | p < 0.001 |
| 18–24 | 47.73 | 0.81 (0.74–0.89) | p < 0.001 | 42.17 | 0.77 (0.69–0.84) | p < 0.001 |
| 25–34 | 49.10 | 0.88 (0.82–0.96) | 0.003 | 45.59 | 0.89 (0.82–0.97) | 0.006 |
| ≥ 35 | 50.77 | Ref. | 48.05 | Ref. | ||
| Mother's education | ||||||
| No education | 52.55 | 1.80 (1.67–1.94) | p < 0.001 | 48.15 | 1.78 (1.65–1.92) | p < 0.001 |
| Primary and above | 40.13 | Ref. | 38.87 | Ref. | ||
| Mother's occupation | ||||||
| Not working | 47.32 | Ref. | 41.96 | Ref. | ||
| Non agriculture | 46.19 | 0.89 (0.82–0.97) | 0.011 | 42.53 | 1.01 (0.92–1.09) | 0.920 |
| Agriculture | 54.27 | 1.49 (1.38–1.62) | p < 0.001 | 52.61 | 1.64 (1.51–1.77) | p < 0.001 |
| Maternal stature | ||||||
| Normal/Tall | 43.25 | Ref. | 40.44 | Ref. | ||
| Short | 57.96 | 1.79 (1.66–1.92) | p < 0.001 | 52.35 | 1.69 (1.57–1.81) | p < 0.001 |
| Very short | 65.63 | 2.61 (2.06–3.31) | p < 0.001 | 64.69 | 2.86 (2.25–3.63) | p < 0.001 |
| Listening to radio | ||||||
| Yes | 55.74 | Ref. | 41.20 | Ref. | ||
| Not at all | 51.73 | 1.32 (1.23–1.42) | p < 0.001 | 47.53 | 1.33 (1.24–1.43) | p < 0.001 |
| Watching television | ||||||
| Yes | 39.89 | Ref. | 36.34 | Ref. | ||
| Not at all | 51.17 | 1.97 (1.81–2.15) | p < 0.001 | 47.24 | 1.90 (1.74–2.08) | p < 0.001 |
| Household factors | ||||||
| Wealth index | ||||||
| Poor | 48.89 | Ref. | 46.01 | Ref. | ||
| Middle | 45.59 | 0.91 (0.81–1.01) | 0.080 | 41.55 | 0.88 (0.78–0.98) | 0.028 |
| Rich | 39.79 | 0.59 (0.54–0.64) | p < 0.001 | 34.09 | 0.58 (0.53–0.64) | p < 0.001 |
| Household size | ||||||
| 1–4 | 47.59 | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) | 0.002 | 42.35 | 0.84 (0.79–0.93) | p < 0.001 |
| ≥ 5 | 49.68 | Ref. | 46.30 | Ref. | ||
| Toilet facility | ||||||
| Improved | 39.59 | Ref. | 37.06 | Ref. | ||
| Unimproved | 50.34 | 1.98 (1.80–2.17) | p < 0.001 | 46.48 | 1.90 (1.73–2.09) | p < 0.001 |
| Source of drinking water | ||||||
| Improved | 44.49 | Ref. | 42.58 | Ref. | ||
| Unimproved | 52.02 | 1.98 (1.80–2.17) | p < 0.001 | 47.17 | 1.31 (1.22–1.40) | p < 0.001 |
| Time to get a water source | ||||||
| On-premise | 30.45 | Ref. | 22.46 | Ref. | ||
| ≤ 30 min | 51.44 | 2.77 (2.42–3.17) | p < 0.001 | 46.14 | 2.81 (2.43–3.24) | p < 0.001 |
| 31–60 min | 48.38 | 2.75 (2.37–3.18) | p < 0.001 | 48.58 | 2.90 (2.48–3.39) | p < 0.001 |
| > 60 min | 48.76 | 2.65 (2.28–3.07) | p < 0.001 | 45.83 | 2.88 (2.46–3.36) | p < 0.001 |
| Community-level characteristics | ||||||
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | 36.55 | 0.43 (0.39–0.47) | p < 0.001 | 33.08 | 0.45 (0.41–0.49) | p < 0.001 |
| Rural | 50.67 | Ref. | 46.87 | Ref. | ||
| Region | ||||||
| Agrarian | 52.65 | Ref. | 49.16 | Ref. | ||
| Pastoralist | 46.13 | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | 0.145 | 41.53 | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 0.302 |
| City administration | 26.11 | 0.49 (0.44–0.54) | p < 0.001 | 25.49 | 0.57 (0.52–0.64) | p < 0.001 |