Table 3.
Factors associated with wasting among boys and girls in children 0–59 months, EDHS 2000–2016
| Variables | Boys (n = 17,112) | Girls (n = 16,471) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wasting proportion (%) | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | p-value | Wasting proportion (%) | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | p-value | |
| Child factors | ||||||
| Age (months) | ||||||
| < 6 | 15.76 | 2.21 (1.89–2.59) | p < 0.001 | 12.98 | 2.01 (1.69–2.37) | p < 0.001 |
| 6–11 | 19.57 | 2.73 (2.35–3.17) | p < 0.001 | 15.05 | 2.32 (1.98–2.73) | p < 0.001 |
| 12–23 | 18.13 | 2.29 (2.02–2.61) | p < 0.001 | 12.67 | 1.89 (1.66–2.18) | p < 0.001 |
| 24–35 | 10.35 | 1.32 (1.14–1.51) | p < 0.001 | 7.70 | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 0.849 |
| 36–59 | 7.02 | Ref. | 7.44 | Ref. | ||
| Birth order | ||||||
| Firstborn | 10.99 | 0.72 (0.63–0.83) | p < 0.001 | 7.88 | 0.74 (0.64–0.86) | p < 0.001 |
| 2–4 | 11.45 | 0.87 (0.78–0.96) | p < 0.001 | 9.92 | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 0.004 |
| 5 or higher | 12.90 | Ref. | 10.84 | Ref. | ||
| Birth interval | ||||||
| < 33 months | 11.77 | Ref. | 9.74 | Ref. | ||
| ≥ 33 months | 12.31 | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | 0.896 | 10.33 | 1.04 (0.92–1.15) | 0.516 |
| Size of a child at birth | ||||||
| Larger | 9.46 | Ref. | 7.71 | Ref. | ||
| Average | 11.59 | 1.27 (1.14–1.43) | p < 0.001 | 8.92 | 1.12 (0.97–1.28) | 0.119 |
| Small | 16.03 | 1.87 (1.66–2.11) | p < 0.001 | 12.81 | 1.81 (1.58–2.07) | p < 0.001 |
| Currently breastfeeding | ||||||
| Yes | 13.32 | Ref. | 10.72 | Ref. | ||
| No | 8.09 | 0.68 (0.61–0.76) | p < 0.001 | 7.55 | 0.69 (0.62–0.78) | p < 0.001 |
| Early initiation of breastfeeding | ||||||
| Yes | 12.70 | 1.05 (0.94–1.16) | 0.370 | 10.08 | Ref. | |
| No | 14.08 | Ref. | 10.87 | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) | 0.682 | |
| Full vaccination | ||||||
| Yes | 10.76 | Ref. | 6.88 | Ref. | ||
| No | 13.25 | 1.48 (1.30–1.69) | p < 0.001 | 10.91 | 1.82 (1.57–2.12) | p < 0.001 |
| Diarrhea | ||||||
| Yes | 17.11 | 1.61 (1.44–1.81) | p < 0.001 | 14.54 | 1.67 (1.48–1.89) | p < 0.001 |
| No | 10.82 | Ref. | 8.98 | Ref. | ||
| Fever | ||||||
| Yes | 16.95 | 1.49 (1.34–1.65) | p < 0.001 | 13.19 | 1.63 (1.45–1.83) | p < 0.001 |
| No | 10.63 | Ref. | 9.10 | Ref. | ||
| Parental factors | ||||||
| Mother's age | ||||||
| < 18 | 15.22 | 1.55 (0.95–2.51) | 0.075 | 8.99 | 1.24 (0.75–2.05) | 0.400 |
| 18–24 | 12.72 | 1.05 (0.92–1.19) | 0.459 | 9.85 | 0.98 (0.85–1.114) | 0.857 |
| 25–34 | 11.35 | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 0.430 | 9.58 | 0.89 (0.79–1.01) | 0.076 |
| ≥ 35 | 12.28 | Ref. | 10.72 | Ref. | ||
| Mother's education | ||||||
| No education | 12.82 | 1.58 (1.41–1.76) | p < 0.001 | 10.97 | 1.58 (1.39–1.79) | p < 0.001 |
| Primary and above | 9.57 | Ref. | 7.09 | Ref. | ||
| Mother's occupation | ||||||
| Not working | 11.80 | Ref. | 9.98 | Ref. | ||
| Non agriculture | 10.67 | 0.73 (0.64–0.82) | p < 0.001 | 7.90 | 0.75 (0.65–0.86) | p < 0.001 |
| Agriculture | 13.11 | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 0.356 | 11.24 | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 0.100 |
| Maternal stature | ||||||
| Normal/Tall | 11.36 | Ref. | 9.72 | Ref. | ||
| Short | 12.73 | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 0.387 | 10.13 | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) | 0.536 |
| Very short | 14.65 | 1.15 (0.84–1.58) | 0.126 | 11.83 | 0.83 (0.57–1.23) | 0.371 |
| Listening to radio | ||||||
| Yes | 9.78 | Ref. | 8.17 | Ref. | ||
| Not at all | 13.05 | 1.47 (1.32–1.63) | p < 0.001 | 10.83 | 1.59 (1.42–1.79) | p < 0.001 |
| Watching television | ||||||
| Yes | 8.80 | Ref. | 6.19 | Ref. | ||
| Not at all | 12.62 | 1.86 (1.62–2.14) | p < 0.001 | 10.71 | 1.98 (1.69–2.32) | p < 0.001 |
| Household factors | ||||||
| Wealth index | ||||||
| Poor | 14.23 | Ref. | 11.11 | Ref. | ||
| Middle | 10.27 | 0.68 (0.58–0.81) | p < 0.001 | 10.28 | 0.86 (0.72–1.02) | 0.094 |
| Rich | 7.66 | 0.49 (0.43–0.57) | p < 0.001 | 6.61 | 0.53 (0.45–0.61) | p < 0.001 |
| Household size | ||||||
| 1–4 | 12.52 | 0.91 (0.82–1.02) | 0.102 | 8.79 | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 0.005 |
| ≥ 5 | 11.76 | Ref. | 10.27 | Ref. | ||
| Toilet facility | ||||||
| Improved | 9.60 | Ref. | 6.68 | Ref. | ||
| Unimproved | 12.21 | 1.49 (1.30–1.73) | p < 0.001 | 10.35 | 1.67 (1.42–1.96) | p < 0.001 |
| Source of drinking water | ||||||
| Improved | 11.22 | Ref. | 9.84 | Ref. | ||
| Unimproved | 12.36 | 1.25 (1.13–1.37) | p < 0.001 | 9.99 | 1.13 (1.01–1.25) | 0.026 |
| Time to get a water source | ||||||
| On-premise | 8.81 | Ref. | 6.50 | Ref. | ||
| ≤ 30 min | 11.92 | 1.51 (1.23–1.85) | p < 0.001 | 9.92 | 1.73 (1.36–2.18) | p < 0.001 |
| 31–60 min | 12.42 | 1.73 (1.39–2.15) | p < 0.001 | 9.97 | 1.82 (1.41–2.34) | p < 0.001 |
| > 60 min | 12.45 | 1.94 (1.56–2.41) | p < 0.001 | 11.29 | 2.21 (1.72–2.84) | p < 0.001 |
| Community-level characteristics | ||||||
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | 8.58 | 0.65 (0.56–0.75) | p < 0.001 | 5.97 | 0.59 (0.50–0.70) | p < 0.001 |
| Rural | 12.34 | Ref. | 10.41 | Ref. | ||
| Region | ||||||
| Agrarian | 12.53 | Ref. | 10.42 | Ref. | ||
| Pastoralist | 11.50 | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) | 0.811 | 9.53 | 0.95 (0.88–1.04) | 0.302 |
| City administration | 6.58 | 0.63 (0.54–0.74) | p < 0.001 | 5.37 | 0.57 (0.51–0.64) | p < 0.001 |