Table 4.
Factors associated with underweight among boys and girls in children 0–59 months, EDHS 2000–2016
| Variables | Boys (n = 17,188) | Girls (n = 16,541) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight proportion (%) | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | p-value | Underweight proportion (%) | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | p-value | |
| Child factors | ||||||
| Age (months) | ||||||
| < 6 | 13.06 | 0.29 (0.25–0.34) | p < 0.001 | 11.62 | 0.23 (0.19–0.27) | p < 0.001 |
| 6–11 | 29.15 | 0.68 (0.61–0.78) | p < 0.001 | 19.51 | 0.45 (0.40–0.52) | p < 0.001 |
| 12–23 | 37.31 | 1.08 (0.99–1.19) | 0.073 | 28.86 | 0.79 (0.71–0.86) | p < 0.001 |
| 24–35 | 37.09 | 1.17 (1.07–1.28) | 0.001 | 33.14 | 0.94 (0.86–1.04) | 0.251 |
| 36–59 | 35.16 | Ref. | 26.01 | Ref. | ||
| Birth order | ||||||
| Firstborn | 29.28 | 0.64 (0.58–0.71) | p < 0.001 | 25.08 | 0.64 (0.58–0.72) | p < 0.001 |
| 2–4 | 32.82 | 0.84 (0.78–0.91) | p < 0.001 | 29.62 | 0.82 (0.76–0.89) | p < 0.001 |
| 5 or higher | 35.20 | Ref. | 32.23 | Ref. | ||
| Birth interval | ||||||
| < 33 months | 32.17 | Ref. | 28.42 | Ref. | ||
| ≥ 33 months | 35.20 | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) | 0.001 | 33.03 | 1.21 (1.12–1.31) | p < 0.001 |
| Size of a child at birth | ||||||
| Larger | 26.64 | Ref. | 25.41 | Ref. | ||
| Average | 31.86 | 1.28 (1.18–1.39) | p < 0.001 | 29.21 | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) | 0.003 |
| Small | 44.36 | 2.12 (1.94–2.32) | p < 0.001 | 39.82 | 1.85 (1.69–2.04) | p < 0.001 |
| Currently breastfeeding | ||||||
| Yes | 33.58 | Ref. | 29.87 | Ref. | ||
| No | 31.85 | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 0.388 | 29.69 | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 0.824 |
| Early initiation of breastfeeding | ||||||
| Yes | 31.28 | Ref. | 28.20 | Ref. | ||
| No | 36.17 | 1.14 (1.05–1.23) | 0.001 | 31.92 | 1.15 (1.06–1.25) | 0.001 |
| Full vaccination | ||||||
| Yes | 33.28 | Ref. | 27.86 | Ref. | ||
| No | 33.86 | 1.16 (1.06–1.27) | 0.001 | 30.37 | 1.24 (1.13–1.36) | p < 0.001 |
| Diarrhea | ||||||
| Yes | 17.11 | 1.53 (1.41–1.67) | p < 0.001 | 14.54 | 1.52 (1.38–1.66) | p < 0.001 |
| No | 10.82 | Ref. | 8.98 | Ref. | ||
| Fever | ||||||
| Yes | 40.70 | 1.44 (1.32–1.56) | p < 0.001 | 35.86 | 1.45 (1.34–1.58) | p < 0.001 |
| No | 31.18 | Ref. | 28.30 | Ref. | ||
| Parental factors | ||||||
| Mother's age | ||||||
| < 18 | 32.35 | 0.75 (0.49–1.13) | 0.178 | 29.46 | 0.64 (0.42–0.97) | 0.036 |
| 18–24 | 30.43 | 0.80 (0.73–0.88) | p < 0.001 | 25.53 | 0.73 (0.66–0.81) | p < 0.001 |
| 25–34 | 33.58 | 0.94 (0.87–1.03) | 0.198 | 30.28 | 0.87 (0.79–0.95) | 0.002 |
| ≥ 35 | 34.73 | Ref. | 32.82 | Ref. | ||
| Mother's education | ||||||
| No education | 36.48 | 2.11 (1.94–2.29) | p < 0.001 | 33.15 | 2.13 (1.95–2.32) | p < 0.001 |
| Primary and above | 24.09 | Ref. | 20.91 | Ref. | ||
| Mother's occupation | ||||||
| Not working | 32.43 | Ref. | 28.20 | Ref. | ||
| Non agriculture | 30.26 | 0.75 (0.69–0.83) | p < 0.001 | 25.48 | 0.87 (0.79–0.95) | 0.005 |
| Agriculture | 36.38 | 1.29 (1.19–1.39) | p < 0.001 | 35.40 | 1.48 (1.36–1.61) | p < 0.001 |
| Maternal stature | ||||||
| Normal/Tall | 28.60 | Ref. | 26.41 | Ref. | ||
| Short | 39.80 | 1.60 (1.49–1.72) | p < 0.001 | 34.42 | 1.47 (1.37–1.59) | p < 0.001 |
| Very short | 45.68 | 2.21 (1.75–2.78) | p < 0.001 | 46.76 | 2.37 (1.88–2.99) | p < 0.001 |
| Listening to radio | ||||||
| Yes | 28.15 | Ref. | 25.49 | Ref. | ||
| Not at all | 35.71 | 1.55 (1.44–1.67) | p < 0.001 | 32.08 | 1.54 (1.43–1.67) | p < 0.001 |
| Watching television | ||||||
| Yes | 23.10 | Ref. | 21.44 | Ref. | ||
| Not at all | 35.26 | 2.34 (2.11–2.58) | p < 0.001 | 31.56 | 2.29 (2.06–2.55) | p < 0.001 |
| Household factors | ||||||
| Wealth index | ||||||
| Poor | 34.38 | Ref. | 31.23 | Ref. | ||
| Middle | 28.69 | 0.76 (0.67–0.85) | p < 0.001 | 26.03 | 0.81 (0.72–0.92) | 0.001 |
| Rich | 21.90 | 0.42 (0.38–0.47) | p < 0.001 | 19.30 | 0.45 (0.40–0.49) | p < 0.001 |
| Household size | ||||||
| 1–4 | 30.83 | 0.78 (0.72–0.84) | p < 0.001 | 27.38 | 0.84 (0.77–0.91) | p < 0.001 |
| ≥ 5 | 33.85 | Ref. | 30.59 | Ref. | ||
| Toilet facility | ||||||
| Improved | 24.66 | Ref. | 22.32 | Ref. | ||
| Unimproved | 34.15 | 2.23 (2.01–2.48) | p < 0.001 | 30.73 | 2.12 (1.89–2.38) | p < 0.001 |
| Source of drinking water | ||||||
| Improved | 29.81 | Ref. | 26.74 | Ref. | ||
| Unimproved | 35.15 | 1.49 (1.39–1.61) | p < 0.001 | 31.67 | 1.39 (1.29–1.51) | p < 0.001 |
| Time to get a water source | ||||||
| On-premise | 17.68 | Ref. | 13.27 | Ref. | ||
| ≤ 30 min | 34.17 | 2.70 (2.30–3.16) | p < 0.001 | 30.00 | 2.98 (2.50–3.55) | p < 0.001 |
| 31–60 min | 33.67 | 2.80 (2.36–3.32) | p < 0.001 | 31.56 | 3.14 (2.60–3.78) | p < 0.001 |
| > 60 min | 34.08 | 2.99 (2.53–3.55) | p < 0.001 | 32.92 | 3.76 (3.12–4.52) | p < 0.001 |
| Community-level characteristics | ||||||
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | 21.72 | Ref. | 17.04 | Ref. | ||
| Rural | 34.47 | 0.36 (0.32–0.40) | p < 0.001 | 31.39 | 0.36 (0.32–0.40) | p < 0.001 |
| Region | ||||||
| Agrarian | 35.85 | Ref. | 33.18 | Ref. | ||
| Pastoralist | 30.87 | 0.98 (0.91–1.07) | 0.769 | 26.49 | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 0.269 |
| City administration | 12.30 | 0.45 (0.40–0.51) | p < 0.001 | 11.45 | 0.49 (0.44–0.55) | p < 0.001 |