Table 1.

Patient Characteristics of Different Groups ^a

	Nonoperative Group (n = 103)	Operative Group (n = 79)	Control Group (n = 27)
Men/women, n	63/40	43/36	15/12
Age, y, mean ± SD	42.03 ± 15.85	41.91 ± 16.57	41.44 ± 15.73
Diagnosis, %	• Hindfoot osteoarthritis: 20.3 • Chronic painful instability: 17.4 • Ankle instability: 15.5 • Ankle impingement: 12.6 • Tendinopathy (Achilles or peroneal): 9.7 • Chronic ankle pain with no organic cause: 9.7 • Osteochondral talar dome lesion: 8.7 • Syndesmosis injury: 2.9	• Ligament reconstruction ± associated procedure: 43 • Arthrodesis (subtalar ankle/twist): 25.3 • Osteochondral graft: 5.8 • Debridement ankle impingement: 5 • Tear or speed bridge Achilles tendon: 5 • Regularization peroneal tendon: 5 • Treatment pseudarthrosis (external malleolus or other): 3.8 • Ablation of osteosynthesis equipment in the ankle: 2.5 • Calcaneonavicular coalition: 1.2 • Calcaneal osteotomy: 1.2	—
Postoperative follow-up, %	2.9	—	—

^aDashes indicate areas not applicable.