TABLE II.
Results of an experiment to compare multi-task learning with training separate models for each dataset. For each of the twelve datasets, the statistically significant differences between standard training and multi-task training have been marked using bold type.
| Training method | Data | DSC | HD95 (mm) | ASSD (mm) | ECE | MCE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Training a separate model for each dataset | CP- younger fetus | 0.89 ± 0.05 | 0.82 ± 0.04 | 0.24 ± 0.06 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.21 ± 0.06 |
| CP- older fetus | 0.82 ± 0.06 | 1.01 ± 0.14 | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 0.12 ± 0.07 | 0.28 ± 0.11 | |
| CP- newborn | 0.90 ± 0.04 | 0.83 ± 0.04 | 0.22 ± 0.07 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.20 ± 0.10 | |
| Heart | 0.89 ± 0.06 | 8.0 ± 7.2 | 2.00 ± 2.20 | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 0.32 ± 0.09 | |
| Hippocampus | 0.88 ± 0.04 | 1.04 ± 0.25 | 0.42 ± 0.06 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.20 ± 0.05 | |
| Prostate | 0.85 ± 0.06 | 12.7 ± 8.5 | 3.6 ± 4.4 | 0.26 ± 0.07 | 0.37 ± 0.10 | |
| Liver-CT | 0.96 ± 0.02 | 5.00 ± 1.99 | 1.46 ± 0.36 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | |
| Liver-MRI-SPIR | 0.90 ± 0.03 | 25.1 ± 11.0 | 4.70 ± 1.51 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.32 ± 0.05 | |
| Liver-MRI-DUAL-in | 0.89 ± 0.05 | 11.0 ± 3.11 | 4.02 ± 0.70 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | |
| Liver-MRI-DUAL-out | 0.89 ± 0.04 | 10.1 ± 2.87 | 4.00 ± 0.54 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.03 | |
| Pancreas | 0.80 ± 0.03 | 9.0 ± 2.81 | 3.45 ± 0.92 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.06 | |
| Kidney | 0.91 ± 0.03 | 8.1 ± 3.01 | 0.81 ± 0.34 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.16 ± 0.05 | |
| Training a single model for all datasets | CP- younger fetus | 0.89 ± 0.04 | 0.82 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.06 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.04 |
| CP- older fetus | 0.84 ± 0.02 | 0.88 ± 0.13 | 0.34 ± 0.06 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.21 ± 0.06 | |
| CP- newborn | 0.90 ± 0.04 | 0.82 ± 0.03 | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.09 | |
| Heart | 0.88 ± 0.08 | 8.2 ± 7.5 | 2.14 ± 2.16 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.21 ± 0.07 | |
| Hippocampus | 0.87 ± 0.03 | 1.25 ± 0.20 | 0.51 ± 0.06 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.26 ± 0.05 | |
| Prostate | 0.89 ± 0.05 | 5.12 ± 2.55 | 1.88 ± 0.50 | 0.21 ± 0.05 | 0.30 ± 0.10 | |
| Liver-CT | 0.96 ± 0.02 | 4.18 ± 1.07 | 1.30 ± 0.26 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.05 | |
| Liver-MRI-SPIR | 0.93 ± 0.03 | 10.5 ± 4.08 | 3.59 ± 1.60 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 0.33 ± 0.06 | |
| Liver-MRI-DUAL-in | 0.89 ± 0.04 | 7.0 ± 3.01 | 3.93 ± 0.50 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | |
| Liver-MRI-DUAL-out | 0.92 ± 0.03 | 7.3 ± 2.66 | 3.95 ± 0.44 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | |
| Pancreas | 0.82 ± 0.03 | 7.3 ± 2.50 | 3.48 ± 0.88 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.06 | |
| KiTS | 0.91 ± 0.03 | 8.1 ± 2.95 | 0.80 ± 0.24 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.03 |