. 2023 Oct 3;8(41):37991–38004. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03484

Table 5. Physicochemical Parameters of the Water^a.

parameters	C	T1	T2	T3	T4
ammonium-N (mg L^–1)
initial	1.16^d ± 0.00	0.93^a ± 0.03	1.00^b ± 0.03	1.02^bc ± 0.01	1.09^c ± 0.01
final	1.72^c ± 0.01	0.21^a ± 0.00	0.25^a ± 0.01	0.99^b ± 0.01	0.98^b ± 0.03
total alkalinity (mg L^–1)
initial	247.33^a ± 1.76	254.00^b ± 1.15	252.00^b ± 1.15	252.67^b ± 0.67	260.00^c ± 1.15
final	273.33^a ± 1.76	276.67^a ± 1.76	275.33^a ± 1.76	283.33^b ± 2.91	278.00^ab ± 1.15
pH
initial	7.99^a ± 0.00	7.93^a ± 0.01	8.10^a ± 0.05	7.95^a ± 0.02	8.13^a ± 0.13
final	8.12^a ± 0.02	8.31^b ± 0.05	8.33^b ± 0.01	8.26^b ± 0.05	8.47^c ± 0.02
potassium (mg L^–1)
initial	45.53^a ± 0.20	46.67^a ± 0.16	47.31^a ± 0.31	46.95^a ± 0.71	46.44^a ± 0.94
final	74.20^a ± 0.46	88.68^c ± 0.55	101.10^e ± 1.55	85.81^b ± 0.24	96.58^d ± 0.60
calcium (mg L^–1)
initial	246.67^b ± 1.33	256.00^c ± 2.31	228.00^a ± 2.31	273.33^d ± 1.33	245.33^b ± 1.33
final	332.00^e ± 2.31	265.33^d ± 3.53	254.67^c ± 2.67	242.00^b ± 3.46	186.67^a ± 3.53
magnesium (mg L^–1)
initial	435.78^a ± 2.14	450.36^b ± 2.92	444.69^b ± 2.43	452.79^b ± 0.81	427.68^a ± 3.71
final	650.43^a ± 4.51	703.89^b ± 7.20	726.57^c ± 3.71	755.32^d ± 3.16	767.88^d ± 4.86
Ca/Mg ratio
initial	1.77^b ± 0.01	1.76^b ± 0.03	1.95^c ± 0.03	1.66^a ± 0.01	1.74^b ± 0.02
final	1.96^a ± 0.03	2.65^b ± 0.06	2.85^c ± 0.03	3.12^d ± 0.04	4.12^e ± 0.08
TSS (mg L^–1)
initial	11.28^a ± 0.04	11.33^ab ± 0.02	11.30^a ± 0.01	11.38^b ± 0.01	11.32^ab ± 0.02
final	14.13^a ± 1.31	19.79^b ± 0.73	21.18^b ± 0.04	20.02^b ± 0.05	20.5^b ± 0.20

Mean values (mean ± S.E.) in each row not sharing a common superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05). One-way ANOVA was used following Duncan’s multiple range test in SPSS-26.0. Control: no biochar; T1: paddy straw biochar (PSB) application in sediment; T2: sediment amended with KOH-activated PSB; T3: sugar cane bagasse biochar (SBB) application in sediment; T4: sediment amended with KOH-activated SBB.

Table 5. Physicochemical Parameters of the Watera.

Table 5. Physicochemical Parameters of the Water^a.