Table 7. Efficacy of Different Treatments: A Comparative Analysis of the Efficacy of Different Treatments for the Successful Penaeus vannamei Culture in Inland Saline Water^a.

parameters	treatments	attained value during the experiment	recommended value for the successful Penaeus vannamei culture	effective treatment
pH	C	8.12a ± 0.02	7.8–8.5	T1, T2, T3, and T4
	T1	8.31b ± 0.05
	T2	8.33b ± 0.01
	T3	8.26b ± 0.05
	T4	8.47c ± 0.02
calcium/magnesium ratio	C	1.00:1.96	1.00:3.00	T2, T3, and T4
	T1	1.00:2.65
	T2	1.00:3.85
	T3	1.00:3.12
	T4	1.00:4.12
potassium	C	74.20a ± 0.46	for comparable survival at least greater than 76% of that in marine water. Actual requirement for 10 ppt water is 97.2 ppm	T1, T2, T3, and T4 highest in T2
	T1	88.68c ± 0.55
	T2	101.10e ± 1.55
	T3	85.81b ± 0.24
	T4	96.58d ± 0.60
ammonium nitrogen	C	1.72c ± 0.01	less than 1.00 ppm	T1, T2, T3, and T4
	T1	0.21a ± 0.00
	T2	0.25a ± 0.01
	T3	0.99b ± 0.01
	T4	0.98b ± 0.03
specific growth rate (SGR) % day–1 of Penaeus vannamei	C	2.23a ± 0.01		highest in T2
	T1	2.29ab ± 0.02
	T2	2.38b ± 0.05
	T3	2.28a ± 0.02
	T4	2.38b ± 0.01
weight gain percentage of Penaeus vannamei	C	173.23a ± 0.73		highest in T2
	T1	180.73ab ± 2.89
	T2	191.75b ± 6.82
	T3	178.54a ± 2.17
	T4	191.70b ± 1.39
survival percentage of Penaeus vannamei	C	72.5a ± 5.2		highest in T3
	T1	86.3ab ± 7.1
	T2	86.3ab ± 2.0
	T3	96.1b ± 2.0
	T4	84.3ab ± 2.0

^aMean values (mean ± S.E.) in each column not sharing a common superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05). One-way ANOVA was used following Duncan’s multiple range test in SPSS-26.0. Control: no biochar; T1: paddy straw biochar (PSB) application in sediment; T2: sediment amended with KOH-activated PSB; T3: sugar cane bagasse biochar (SBB) application in sediment; T4: sediment amended with KOH-activated SBB.