Table 2. Clinical Trials and Status.

Clinical trial title	Interventions	Number enrolled	Age	Applications	Remarks	NCT number
GI-101 as a single agent or in combination with pembrolizumab, lenvatinib, or local radiotherapy in advanced solid tumors	GI-101	374	18 years and older	Targeted delivery with reduced off-target toxicity	Assess the safety, tolerability, and toxicities of various agents	NCT04977453
	Pembrolizumab			Used as imaging agents to visualize tumor lesions214	The study is yet to enroll
	Lenvatinib
	Radiation: local radiotherapy
Methotrexate combined with immunotherapy during radiotherapy for solid tumors	Methotrexate tablets	50	18–85 years	Targeted delivery with reduced systemic toxicity	Primary outcomes verify the percentage population that has a response (complete or partial)	NCT05522582
	Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody			Potentiated the impact of radiotherapy on tumor cells by the enhanced accumulation of radiation at the tumor site215
	Radiation: radiotherapy
Study of PD1 blockade by Pembrolizumab with stereotactic body radiotherapy in advanced solid tumors	Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT)	117	18 years and older	Targeted and efficient delivery of Pembrolizumab	Minimum of one dose constraint was observed in 52% of patients	NCT02608385
				Enhanced tumor response
				Enhanced the effects of SBRT216
Local radiotherapy in combination with immunotherapy in advanced solid tumor patients	PD-1 blocking antibody	55	18–75 years	Targeted delivery to the tumor site	The objective of the study is to reduce by 30% volume in at least a month	NCT05097781
				Helped to overcome the immunosuppressive microenvironment	The study has not posted a result
				Enhanced antitumor immune response217,218
ADC combined with hypofractionated radiotherapy, PD-1/PD-L1 and sequential GM-CSF and IL-2 for treatment of HER-2 positive advanced solid tumors (PRaG3.0)	ADC combined with radiotherapy, PD-1/PD-L1 sequential GM-CSF, and IL-2	55	18 years and older	Targeted delivery of ADC to HER-2 positive tumor cells	An adverse event was observed, such as alopecia, fatigue, rash, and hepatic damage	NCT05115500
				Used as imaging agents to visualize tumor lesions219
Radiotherapy combined with Irinotecan and Apatinib followed by PD-1 antibody and apatinib for advanced solid tumors	Irinotecan liposome	30	18–70 years	Targeted delivery of Irinotecan, Apatinib, and PD-1 antibody directly to the tumor site	Study is supposed to have its primary completion on February 2023	NCT04569916
	Apatinib			For synergistic effect219,220
	PD-1 antibody
	Radiation: radiotherapy
Hypofractionated radiotherapy combined with PD-1 inhibitor sequential GM-CSF and IL-2 for the treatment of advanced refractory solid tumors (PRaG2.0)	Drug: PD-1 inhibitor	66	18 years and older	Targeted delivery to increase the drug concentration in the tumor microenvironment	To a lesser extent, fatigue, rash, and decreased appetite were prevalent in various adverse events	NCT04892498
	Drug: GM-CSF			As imaging agents221
	Drug: IL-2
	Radiation: hypofractionated radiotherapy
131I-L19SIP radioimmunotherapy (RIT) in combination with external beam radiation in patients with multiple brain metastases from solid tumors	131I-L19SIP radioimmunotherapy (RIT) in combination with whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT)	32	18 years and older	Improved the delivery of radioimmunotherapy agents across the blood–brain barrier	Not available	NCT01125085
				Minimized systemic toxicity by selectively delivering radioimmunotherapy agents to the brain metastases222
Study of RP-3500 in combination with standard radiation therapy in people with solid tumor cancer	RP-3500	74	18 years and older	Enhanced the effects of standard radiation therapy	The study is yet recruiting, and results are not available	NCT05566574
	Radiation: external beam radiotherapy (EBRT)			Designed to overcome resistance mechanisms, allowing RP-3500 to remain effective in tumors that have become resistant to standard treatments223
Radiation Therapy and sargramostim in treating patients with advanced solid tumors	Sargramostim	N/A	18 years and older	Immunomodulated and enhanced efficacy of sargramostim in combination with radiation therapy224	Not available	NCT00091052
	Radiation: radiotherapy
Phase 1 trial of MSC2490484A, an inhibitor of a DNA-dependent protein kinase, in combination with radiotherapy	MSC2490484A (M3814)	52	18 years and older	-	Dose −300 mg BID	NCT02516813
	Radiation: fractionated RT				Adverse event observed— nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and rash
	Cisplatin
Study of NOX66 and external beam radiotherapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and other solid tumors	NOX66	100	18 years and older	Enhanced the effectiveness of NOX66, a sensitizer that enhances the effects of external beam radiotherapy on tumor cells	Currently enrolled in phase 1/2	NCT04957290
	Radiation: EBRT
Study of AZD1390 and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for people with metastatic solid tumor cancer	AZD1390	48	18 years and older	Enhanced the effectiveness of AZD1390, a DNA-PK inhibitor that sensitized tumor cells to the effects of SBRT225	Dose could be 8 Gy in past administration or 20/25 Gy as 5 fractions administered over 5 days	NCT05678010
	Radiation: SBRT
Study of Avelumab-M3814 combinations	M3814	57	18 years and older	Enhanced the antitumor immune response	Phase 1 trials are under progression. No result was posted	NCT03724890
	Avelumab			Selectively delivered Avelumab and M3814 to the tumor cells
	Radiation: radiotherapy			Simultaneously targeted DNA repair pathways226
CHEckpoint inhibition in combination with an immunoboost of external beam radiotherapy in solid tumors (CHEERS)	Nivolumab or Pembrolizumab or Atezolizumab	99	18 years and older	-	The result is not available.	NCT03511391
	Radiation: SBRT
GDC-0084 with radiation therapy for people with PIK3CA-mutated solid tumor brain metastases or leptomeningeal metastases	GDC-0084	36	18 years and older	As imaging agents227	Starting dose would be 45 mg daily, and the study focuses on determining the maximum lethal amount	NCT04192981
	Radiation: whole brain radiation therapy