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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 19.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Ment Health. 2023 Mar 18;13(2):97–110. doi: 10.1177/21568693231156452

Table 3.

Depressive Symptoms Regressed on Study Variables NLSY-79 Cohort (N = 6,372).

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6
B SE B SE b SE B SE B SE B SE
Shift work
 Eveninga .166* .07 .167* .07 .164* .07 .162* .07 .169* .07 .164* .07
 Nighta .132* .06 .094 .06 .118 .06 .139* .06 .131* .06 .117* .06
 Rotatinga −.017 .06 −.026 .06 −.019 .06 −.023 .06 −.017 .06 −.027 .05
 Irregulara .136** .04 .118** .04 .115** .04 .123** .04 .143** .04 .109** .04
Sleep health
 Short sleep weekdayb (⩽6 hours) .202*** .02 .078** .03
 Short sleep weekendsc (⩽6 hours) .233*** .03 .116*** .03
 Insomnia symptomsd .441*** .02 .404*** .02
 Sleep latencye (30–60 minutes) .135*** .03 .075** .03
Controls
 Womenf .250*** .02 .256*** .02 .254*** .02 .192*** .02 .245*** .02 .198*** .02
 Blackg −.036 .03 −.062* .03 −.064* .03 −.013 .03 −.045 .03 −.044 .03
 Hispanicg −.110*** .03 −.114** .03 −.114** .03 −.072* .03 −.112** .03 −.080** .03
 Age −.018 .01 −.020* .01 −.020* .01 −.017 .01 −.018 .01 −.019 .01
 Marriedh −.142*** .03 −.136*** .03 −.131*** .03 −.136*** .03 −.141*** .03 −.128*** .03
 Parenti .077* .03 .029* .03 .070* .03 .080** .03 .083** .03 .077** .03
 Caregiverj .164*** .04 .156*** .04 .157*** .04 .162*** .04 .171*** .04 .159*** .04
 High school degreek −.137* .05 −.130* .05 −.130* .05 −.116* .05 −.140** .05 −.113* .05
 Collegek −.167** .05 −.154** .05 −.145** .05 −.146** .05 −.168** .05 −.131* .05
 Income (logged) −.040*** .01 −.041*** .01 −.039*** .01 −.039*** .01 −.041*** .01 −.040*** .01
 Poor self−rated healthl .603*** .04 .573*** .04 .565*** .04 .524*** .04 .595*** .04 .496*** .04
Constant 2.15*** .53 2.20*** .52 2.18*** .53 1.81*** .51 2.13*** .53 1.86*** .51
R 2 .13 .14 .14 .18 .13 .19
a

Working during day (reference).

b

Seven or more hours sleep during week (reference).

c

Seven or more hours sleep on the weekend (reference).

d

No insomnia symptoms (reference).

e

Sleep latency 0 to 29 minutes (reference).

f

Men (reference).

g

White (reference).

h

Not married (reference).

I

Non-parents.

j

Non-caregiver.

k

Less than high school degree (reference).

l

Good health (reference).

*

p < .05.

**

p < .01.

***

p < .001 (two-tailed tests).