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. 2023 Oct 19;131(10):107011. doi: 10.1289/EHP12097

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EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted.

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Figure 1 is a set of two error bar graph titled mental development index and psychomotor development index, plotting lowercase beta (95 percent confidence intervals), ranging from negative 12 to 6 in increments of 3 and negative 8 to 6 in increments of 2 (y-axis) across metabolites of organophosphate insecticides, including diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phosphate, diethyl thiophosphate, dimethylthiophosphate, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, 4-nitrophenol; metabolites of pyrethroids, including 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid; metabolites of neonicotinoid insecticides, including imidacloprid, imidacloprid-olefin, 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid, desnitro-imidacloprid, desmethyl-acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and desmethyl-clothianidin (x-axis) for total, boy, and girl, respectively. — Adjusted associations between the averaged concentrations (ng/mL, ln-transformed SG-adjusted) of maternal urinary mOPPs, mPYRs, and mNNIs over the three trimesters and children’s MDI and PDI scores using multivariate linear regression (MLR) models for participants from a birth cohort study in Wuhan, China, 2014–2017 ( $uppercase italic n equals 1,041$ participants, $lowercase italic n equals 3,123$ samples). The models were adjusted for maternal age (categorical), PBMI (categorical), maternal education (categorical), passive smoking (categorical), folic acid supplementation during pregnancy (categorical), parity (categorical), child sex (categorical), breastfeeding duration (categorical), and delivery mode (categorical). Sex-stratified analyses were adjusted for all the abovementioned confounders except child sex. * $lowercase italic p begin subscript false discovery rate end subscript less than 0.05$ were considered statistically significant (FDR corrections were performed to adjust for multiple comparisons). The numerical values are listed in Table S7. Note: 3-PBA, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid; 5-hydroxy-IMI, 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid; CLO, clothianidin; DEP, diethyl phthalate; DETP, diethyl thiophosphate; DM-ACE, desmethyl-acetamiprid; DM-CLO, desmethyl-clothianidin; DMP, dimethyl phosphate; DMTP, dimethylthiophosphate; DN-IMI, desnitro-imidacloprid; IMI, imidacloprid; IMI-olefin, imidacloprid-olefin; MDI, mental development index; mNNIs, metabolites of neonicotinoid insecticides; mOPPs, metabolites of organophosphate insecticides; mPYRs, metabolites of pyrethroids; PBMI, prepregnancy body mass index; PDI, psychomotor development index; PNP, 4-nitrophenol; TCPy, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol; THM, thiamethoxam; trans-DCCA, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid.