. 2023 Oct 19;131(10):107011. doi: 10.1289/EHP12097

Table 3.

Distribution of maternal urinary concentrations (ng/mL) of mOPPs, mPYRs, and mNNIs in participants from a birth cohort study in Wuhan, China, 2014–2017 ( $uppercase italic n equals 1,041$ participants, $lowercase italic n equals 1,041$ samples for each trimester).

Compounds ( $ng / mL$ )	MDL ( $ng / mL$ )	Average trimester （ $lowercase italic n equals 1,041$ ）		First trimester			Second trimester			Third trimester
Compounds ( $ng / mL$ )	MDL ( $ng / mL$ )	GM	Median (25th–75th)	DF [percentage $> MDL$ (%)]	GM	Median (25th–75th)	DF [percentage $> MDL$ (%)]	GM	Median (25th–75th)	DF [percentage $> MDL$ (%)]	GM	Median (25th–75th)
mOPPs
DEP
Unadjusted	0.25	4.07	3.98 (2.53–6.32)	100	3.80	3.75 (1.99–6.80)	100	3.13	3.23 (1.63–5.63)	100	2.85	2.70 (1.48–5.59)
SG-adjusted	—	4.16	4.01 (2.63–6.20)	—	4.08	3.88 (2.30–6.54)	—	3.57	3.47 (2.01–6.11)	—	3.48	3.27 (2.04–5.96)
DMP
Unadjusted	0.25	4.97	4.79 (2.97–7.78)	100	4.83	4.74 (2.45–9.55)	100	3.41	3.26 (1.72–6.68)	100	3.12	2.99 (1.57–5.84)
SG-adjusted	—	5.07	4.78 (3.24–7.61)	—	5.18	4.91 (2.87–8.86)	—	3.89	3.57 (2.10–6.93)	—	3.82	3.79 (2.16–6.83)
DETP
Unadjusted	0.05	1.90	1.88 (1.11–3.29)	99.9	1.79	1.72 (0.85–3.68)	99.9	1.27	1.23 (0.64–2.60)	99.8	1.20	1.18 (0.55–2.54)
SG-adjusted	—	1.98	1.90 (1.16–3.14)	—	2.08	2.03 (1.09–3.69)	—	1.33	1.28 (0.66–2.54)	—	1.23	1.21 (0.63–2.41)
DMTP
Unadjusted	0.25	0.63	0.57 (0.34–1.07)	95.6	0.53	0.46 (0.26–1.00)	93.9	0.41	0.38 (0.25–0.81)	94.7	0.42	0.38 (0.25–0.76)
SG-adjusted	—	0.66	0.64 (0.37–1.09)	—	0.56	0.53 (0.28–1.03)	—	0.46	0.42 (0.25–0.96)	—	0.52	0.50 (0.26–0.95)
TCPy
Unadjusted	0.10	1.86	1.87 (1.29–2.67)	99.3	1.81	1.90 (1.04–3.22)	98.4	1.46	1.57 (0.89–2.62)	95.5	1.20	1.29 (0.73–2.26)
SG-adjusted	—	1.93	1.92 (1.31–2.66)	—	1.94	1.89 (1.21–3.14)	—	1.67	1.70 (1.06–2.65)	—	1.46	1.54 (0.95–2.49)
PNP
Unadjusted	0.25	2.30	2.35 (1.53–3.49)	99.7	2.05	2.12 (1.15–3.94)	99.5	1.73	1.79 (0.95–3.14)	100	1.79	1.71 (0.95–3.30)
SG-adjusted	—	2.36	2.34 (1.65–3.40)	—	2.20	2.20 (1.32–3.76)	—	1.98	2.02 (1.17–3.19)	—	2.19	2.18 (1.33–3.66)
mPYRs
3-PBA
Unadjusted	0.01	0.20	0.19 (0.11–0.38)	98.0	0.17	0.17 (0.08–0.36)	94.7	0.13	0.12 (0.05–0.30)	91.6	0.11	0.10 (0.05–0.27)
SG-adjusted	—	0.21	0.19 (0.12–0.35)	—	0.19	0.17 (0.09–0.34)	—	0.15	0.13 (0.07–0.27)	—	0.14	0.13 (0.06–0.28)
trans-DCCA
Unadjusted	0.02	0.25	0.24 (0.14–0.43)	95.6	0.21	0.21 (0.09–0.45)	92.9	0.14	0.15 (0.05–0.34)	93.0	0.14	0.12 (0.06–0.31)
SG-adjusted	—	0.25	0.23 (0.14–0.42)	—	0.24	0.23 (0.12–0.48)	—	0.15	0.14 (0.07–0.31)	—	0.14	0.13 (0.07–0.28)
mNNIs
IMI
Unadjusted	0.025	0.05	0.05 (0.03–0.09)	72.1	0.04	0.03 ( $less than method detection limit to 0.08$ )	74.5	0.03	0.03 ( $less than method detection limit to 0.07$ )	73.8	0.03	0.03 ( $less than method detection limit to 0.07$ )
SG-adjusted	—	0.05	0.05 (0.03–0.10)	—	0.04	0.04 ( $less than method detection limit to 0.10$ )	—	0.04	0.03 ( $less than method detection limit to 0.08$ )	—	0.04	0.03 ( $less than method detection limit to 0.07$ )
IMI-olefin
Unadjusted	0.025	0.57	0.53 (0.31–1.01)	100	0.46	0.43 (0.21–0.93)	100	0.38	0.35 (0.18–0.79)	100	0.37	0.33 (0.16–0.83)
SG-adjusted	—	0.60	0.55 (0.34–1.01)	—	0.53	0.47 (0.25–1.05)	—	0.40	0.36 (0.19–0.77)	—	0.38	0.33 (0.16–0.79)
5-hydroxy-IMI
Unadjusted	0.05	0.97	0.93 (0.48–1.79)	99.9	0.79	0.73 (0.35–1.82)	99.8	0.57	0.54 (0.25–1.23)	100	0.55	0.52 (0.23–1.23)
SG-adjusted	—	1.00	0.92 (0.54–1.73)	—	0.92	0.81 (0.43–1.92)	—	0.60	0.56 (0.28–1.23)	—	0.56	0.50 (0.24–1.18)
DN-IMI
Unadjusted	0.025	0.13	0.11 (0.06–0.22)	84.2	0.11	0.09 (0.04–0.21)	82.0	0.08	0.06 (0.04–0.13)	84.0	0.09	0.07 (0.04–0.17)
SG-adjusted	—	0.14	0.12 (0.07–0.22)	—	0.12	0.11 (0.06–0.23)	—	0.08	0.07 (0.04–0.15)	—	0.09	0.08 (0.04–0.16)
DM-ACE
Unadjusted	0.01	1.17	1.13 (0.70–1.94)	99.9	0.96	0.93 (0.47–1.93)	99.9	0.80	0.79 (0.39–1.64)	100	0.81	0.75 (0.37–1.62)
SG-adjusted	—	1.25	1.20 (0.72–2.01)	—	1.11	1.07 (0.54–2.18)	—	0.84	0.83 (0.41–1.69)	—	0.83	0.77 (0.39–1.55)
THM
Unadjusted	0.025	0.12	0.11 (0.06–0.23)	95.4	0.08	0.06 (0.03–0.18)	96.3	0.08	0.07 (0.03–0.18)	95.8	0.08	0.07 (0.03–0.17)
SG-adjusted	—	0.13	0.12 (0.06–0.23)	—	0.09	0.08 (0.03–0.21)	—	0.08	0.07 (0.03–0.17)	—	0.08	0.07 (0.03–0.17)
CLO
Unadjusted	0.05	0.16	0.15 (0.09–0.27)	94.0	0.12	0.11 (0.05–0.23)	91.8	0.10	0.09 (0.05–0.20)	92.9	0.11	0.10 (0.05–0.23)
SG-adjusted	—	0.17	0.15 (0.10–0.28)	—	0.14	0.13 (0.07–0.27)	—	0.11	0.10 (0.05–0.20)	—	0.11	0.10 (0.05–0.21)
DM-CLO
Unadjusted	0.01	0.28	0.34 (0.17–0.58)	94.2	0.24	0.32 (0.14–0.59)	88.8	0.16	0.23 (0.07–0.42)	94.4	0.21	0.27 (0.12–0.48)
SG-adjusted	—	0.30	0.36 (0.18–0.63)	—	0.28	0.38 (0.17–0.67)	—	0.17	0.23 (0.09–0.46)	—	0.22	0.27 (0.11–0.53)

Note: Other target analytes (including DEDTP, DMDTP, 4F-3-PBA, ACE) were not listed here because they were not found in the samples or the detection frequency was $below 30 percent$ . 25th and 75th means the 25th and 75th percentile concentrations. —, Not applicable; 3-PBA, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid; 4F-3-PBA, 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid; 5-hydroxy-IMI, 5-Hydroxy-imidacloprid; ACE, acetamiprid; CLO, clothianidin; DEDTP, diethyl dithiophosphate; DEP, diethyl phosphate; DETP, diethyl thiophosphate; DF, detection frequency; DM-ACE, desmethyl-acetamiprid; DM-CLO, desmethyl-clothianidin; DMDTP, dimethyl dithiophosphate; DMP, dimethyl phosphate; DMTP, dimethyl thiophosphate; DN-IMI, desnitro-imidacloprid; GM, geometric mean; IMI, imidacloprid; IMI-olefin, imidacloprid-olefin; MDL, method detection limit; mNNIs, metabolites of neonicotinoid insecticides; mOPPs, metabolites of organophosphate insecticides; mPYRs, metabolites of pyrethroids; PNP, para-nitrophenol; SG, urinary specific gravity; TCPy, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol; THM, thiamethoxam; trans-DCCA, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid.