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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jul 11.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Funct Mater. 2023 Apr 14;33(28):2300218. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202300218

Figure 1. Overview of diagnostic TBI-ABN.

Figure 1.

After systemic administration, the ABN crosses the damaged blood-brain barrier (BBB) and accumulates in injured brain tissue where it is cleaved by calpain-1. The cleaved peptide (c-Peptide) can then shed back into the blood and urine for minimally-invasive measurement of protease activity via fluorescence or immunoassay.